ImageMagick
ImageMagick is a suite of commandline tools for manipulating images. It's often called the "swiss army knife" of image tools. It is free software.
General
Checking if you have ImageMagick installed
Ubuntu generally comes with ImageMagick already installed. To check if ImageMagick is installed, you don't actually type imagemagick, but rather one the several commands that are part of the package. For instance, try:
convert
Installing ImageMagick
sudo apt-get install imagemagick
OS X
Searching for "imagemagick OSX" should bring up some packages that have been pre-compiled for the various version of OS X.
As of early 2013, this link seems to be up to date.
Seeing what version of ImageMagick you have
Use the --version option with an ImageMagick command.
convert --version
Creating new images (without changing any originals)
Use convert. Convert always produces a new output file, generally you give the output file at the end of the command.
convert original.png -resize 160x120 icon.png
Modifying images "in-place" (changing the originals)
Use mogrify. Mogrify supports the same options as convert, only it modifies it's input, replacing the original (so you need to be careful with it).
Mogrify can be used with a wildcard to modify many files at once.
mogrify -resize 320x240 *.JPG
Getting Information about an Image
identify original.png
Displaying an image
display foo.png
Cutting
Cutting out a particular rectangle from an image
The format of the crop option is: WIDTHxHEIGHT+LEFT+TOP
For instance, to extract a 256 pixel square from an image 500 pixels from the left, at the top (0):
convert FILE0058.JPG -crop 256x256+500+0 tile.jpg
Cuting an image up into tiles or strips / "Cookie Cutting"
The crop command, when not given a specific position to cut out, will repeat as many times as it can, "cookie-cutter style", producing a series of images.
convert original.png -crop 64x64 tile%04d.png
convert original.png -crop 64x strip%04d.png
convert original.png -crop x64 bar%04d.png
Transforming
Converting/Changing image formats
convert original.png new.jpg
convert original.png -quality 1 lo.jpg
Resizing images
convert -resize 640x640 FILE0058.JPG work.png
convert -resize 640x640! FILE0058.JPG work.png
Assembling
Creating an animated gif from multiple images
convert tile*.png slide.gif
convert -delay 5 -dispose background -page +0+0 tile*.png slide.gif
Overlaying/Combining 2 images into a new image
Use composite. Composite is both a command-line tool on its own, and also it's available via the "-composite" option of convert. Note that the order of things is different depending on which way you use.
Creating a "contact sheet" / table of images
Use montage.
Drawing
TODO: check circle parameters (radius one number only?!)
convert -size 300x300 xc:lightgray -fill black -draw 'rectangle 0,0 150,150' rect.gif
convert -size 300x300 xc:lightgray -fill black -draw 'circle 150,150 50,40' circle.gif