Bash

Bash is the program that is the command line itself. BASH stands for the "Bourne-Again" Shell, the default shell for Linux and Mac OS X (Bourne-again in reference an original UNIX shell written by Stephen Bourne; BASH is a free software rewrite, part of the GNU project).

BASH scripts are, in the simplest form, just a sequence of command line commands saved in a file (or files). In this way, you can save a complicated series of steps in a single file (or BASH script). Using variables, you can turn a script into a tool that can, for instance, be applied to different input files, or perform an image transformation to a variable degree.

Variables

name="Francesco"
echo Hello there name
echo Hello there $name

Unlike most scripting languages, Bash is not forgiving of extra spaces and gets confused if you add them. Notice also how unlike most programming languages, in Bash text is text first, and interpreted as an expression by exception. It may be helpful to think of the $ as meaning substitute the value.

The use of curly braces around the name is optional, but is helpful to sometimes mark the end of a name if necessary.

name=Michael
echo Hello there $name!
echo $name123
echo ${name}123

There are useful special forms of variable substitution in Bash:

${name:-Joe}	Return a default value if the variable is undefined If name exists and isn't null, return its value; otherwise, return 'Joe'.
${name:offset:length}	Substring String starting from offset, up to length chars. Length can be omitted in which case you get the rest of the text. A negative offset is relative to the end (-1 means last character).
${#name}	Length Returns the length of a variable.
${name:=Joe}	Sets a default value if the variable is undefined Return the value of name if it exists and isn't null; otherwise, set it to 'Joe' and return that.
${name:+value}	Test for a variable being set Return the value if name is defined
${name:?message}	Catches errors from a variable being undefined Return the value of name if it exists and isn't null; otherwise, prints the message and stops the script (though not guaranteed to stop -- depends on shell?)

"Pattern-strippers" (with ShellWildcards, note that these are different from a *Regular Expression*)

Fundamental Concepts

The BASH has most of the standard features of a programming language, including:

• Variable Substitution
• Arithmetic Expansion
• Command Substitution
• For Loops
• While Loops
• If-Then (Else) Clauses
• Functions

Key Terms

Shell:: The program that is running while you use the command line (or the Terminal on a Mac)

BASH:: The "Bourne-Again" Shell

Environment Variables:: The variables (named pieces of text information) that the shell uses to keep track of important system settings. It was the Bourne shell that first added a notion of variables, a crucial step in making the shell a programming environment.

echo:: The BASH command to display something (the "print" statement of the shell)

$PATH:: The environment variable that tells the system where to find programs. When you type a command, the shell will search the places listed in the PATH. (The path contents are a list of UNIX directories separated by colons (:))

Dot-files:: Files that start with a period (.). They are usually hidden (but you can see them with the ls -a command). Usually dot-files are used to store special settings for an application. The shell uses several (like the .profile where you can put shell commands that happen when you start your shell -- though this may depend on which shell program you use).

Resources

• "Speaking UNIX" on IBM's developerWorks (more general UNIX command line intro)

• wikipedia:Bash (Unix shell)

Other tutorials for BASH scripting:

• http://www.gentoo.org/doc/en/articles/bash-by-example-p1.xml
• http://tldp.org/HOWTO/Bash-Prog-Intro-HOWTO.html
• http://tldp.org/LDP/abs/html/

Related pages

MediaBashing MoreMediaBashing grep

${variable#pattern}	Delete pattern \from start (smallest match)
${variable##pattern}	Delete pattern \from start (longest match)
${variable%pattern}	Delete pattern \from end (smallest match)
${variable%%pattern}	Delete pattern \from end (longest match)