Alecio-thesis outline: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 14:00, 6 December 2021

From Landscape to Portrait: How aspect Ratio changed the way we perceive the world.

First Chapter Link https://pad.xpub.nl/p/Thesis_Alecio

The Meeting (Introduction to the Thesis) > User:Alecioferrari/INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION

A photograph has edges, the world does not. The edges separate what is in the photograph and what is excluded. This is where the structures of the photograph begins with the image and works its way out to the frame, where it ends.

The frame of the photograph also sets up a relationship between its edge and its subject. It can contain and hold an image and by composition gather the objects and create subject matter. Without the frame, there can be no composition.

Framing speaks with the aspect ratio, and the aspect ratio is strictly related to the historical period and the technology in use. Documentary photography has been historically rooted in the landscape format, the analog square format gave the possibility to choose which was the better orientation afterwards, and today’s imagery production is mostly vertical due to the usage of smartphones. [give citations to support your point here- also consider the role of portraiture in the development of photography- see The Burden Of Representation - Essays on Photographies and Histories by John Tagg Here the portrait photo, which were commissioned by the rising middle class in the 19th C, competed with the conventions of portraiture in painting- Tagg argues that many of the compositional conventions of early portrait photos were established by established conventions in painting. see also Techniques of the Observer On Vision and Modernity in the Nineteenth Century By Jonathan Crary. I note that your visual examples are portraits - your own work tends to landscape...]

What makes for good image cropping? Open literatures generally have two different opinions: image cropping guided by attention and image cropping informed by aesthetics.[citation]

Photographs represent my very first medium, my tools and my vocabulary. I’ve been questioning multiple times which would be the best framing solutions for the images that I produce and how these choices have an impact of the viewer. My very first image production started with digital cameras, then moved on the use of film. Passing through the square format, currently my practice has stabilized on the use of 6x7 medium format. I rarely crop my images, conversely I most keep the original black frame of the film. [<< here it starts to get interesting, because you start to describe your own practice. I would provide a lot more detail here about the work you made and the choices you took. Can we look at other instances where the black frame device is used, what does that device do, in other instances and in your own work? I think you could start to approach the question - how does the apparatus of the camera and the production of the image produce the observer. Or more specifically, what kind of viewer does your work produce, What techniques of observation does the viewer bring to the images you Make?]

What’s interesting for me as image maker, is analyzing how the photographs format it’s strictly related to the technology (and historical period), and how our perception of the meaning images can changes according to the format or kind of frame. [<<great, here you can unpack that with a great more detail]

What gets lost in the crop? How to define an image efficiency? How our ability of interpret images has changed through history? These are some of the fundamental questions that I would like to investigate within my thesis research.

QUESTIONS I WILL DISCUSS IN MY THESIS

- Is editing cropping considered as cheating?

- What’s my own definition of “visual efficiency”?

- How I approach cropping images in my own work?

- Is my way of interacting with different aspect ratios changed along the time in my practice?

_________

CHAPTER .1

REALITY SEEN THROUGH THE FRAME

In this chapter, I will introduce the role that image composition plays in image aesthetic and “visual efficiency”. Quantifying the aesthetic value of a photograph is a very hard problem, for this reason I will introduce fundamental visual theories such as Gestalt and geometrical sections to set up the necessary rules to build up the conversation. I will touch arguments such as the passive vs active frame and the “Decisive Moment” theory. Afterwards, I will outline the evolution of the aspect ratio along photography history in relation to the technology in use.

1.1 What is composition?

1.2 The ingredients of an image

1.3 The Aspect Ratio in relation to history

CHAPTER .2

HOW WE TAKE PICTURE IS HOW WE PROCESS THE WORLD

A never ending photography question is: the photograph happens during the shooting or during the editing process? Also, is editing cropping considered as cheating? Cropping images can be considered a controversial technique as you can alter the image meaning. In photojournalism, cropping is widely considered outrageous as the image can’t be a reliable document anymore. On the other hand, cropping can considerably improve the image visual performance and balance. For instance, the analog square format of camera such as the Rolleiflex used by Cecil Beaton, enabled photographers and editor to choose the most suitable orientation after the shot. On the contrary, nowadays the most preferred orientation became the vertical, due to the widespread use of smartphones.

2.1 On cropping photographs: Between Ethics and Strategy

2.2 Why shooting squares can transform the landscapes

2.3 Going vertical and essential with the advent of smartphones

CHAPTER .3

CASE STUDIES: MY OWN WORK ANALYSIS IN RELATION TO OTHER AUTHORS

Stephen Shore's photographs often appear as unstudied snapshots before revealing themselves, on closer examination, to be carefully calculated and balanced. His imagery production it’s well know to be un-cropped, usually cutting objects at the margins and leaving room for the viewer’s interpretation and imagination. On the contrary we have Philippe Halsman production, which appears to be the opposite: shooting wide in order to being able to crop afterwards.

In this chapter I will introduce my own work in comparison to these two image makers. I will outline how my approach to framing and cropping has changed and which would be the possible future directions.

3.1 Personal Essay: Analysis of editing cropping and framing within my own work

3.2 Stephen Shore picture analysis

3.3 Philippe Halsman picture analysis

REFERENCES

Cartier-Bresson, H., MATISSE, H., & TÉRIADE, E. (1952). The decisive moment.

Henri Cartier-Bresson introduces his thoughts on the relationship of forms within the frame, as well as the recognition of composition, order and equilibrium of the subjects. What the camera does is simply to register upon film the decision made by the eye.

Gombrich E H, 1979 The Sense of Order (London: Phaidon)

The Sense of Order provides a comprehensive survey of the rich history and theory of decorative art Gombrich goes on to discuss the role the mind plays in choosing what the eye will see. We see selectively, and what we choose to see is determined by context, by instinct and by experience, establishing a direct contact between eye and brain.

Mcmanus, Ian & Zhou, Fanzhi & l'Anson, Sophie & Waterfield, Lucy & Stöver, Katharina & Cook, Richard. (2011). The Psychometrics of Photographic Cropping: The Influence of Colour, Meaning, and Expertise. Perception. 40. 332-57. 10.1068/p6700.

This text includes six studies which show that the act of cropping is carried out reliably and confidently by both expert and non-expert. This study take in consideration many participants which were asked to actively crop and manipulate photographs.

Ritchin, F. (2009). After photography. New York, W.W. Norton.

After Photography examines the myriad ways in which the digital revolution has fundamentally altered the way we receive visual information, from photos of news events taken by ordinary people on cell phones to the widespread use of image surveillance. Fred Ritchin argues that it is time to begin energetically exploring the possibilities created by digital innovations and to use them to better understand our rapidly changing world.

Shore, S. (2020) “Q&A with Stephen Shore and Gregory Crewdson.” YouTube, uploaded by Yale MFA Photography, 20 Apr. 2020, www.youtube.com/watch?v=LXpQ1wCH7mU&t=1522s.

In this video Stephen Shore is in conversation with Gregory Crewdson. It has been fundamental for my research as he explained his own view and practical approach to image framing, stating that the borders aren’t the limit of an image, instead are the lines where the image starts.

Sontag, S. (1977). On photography. New York, Farrar, Straus and Giroux.

Susan Sontag talk about the value and impact of photographs as physical objects in our daily life. She mention how printed photographs age, plagued by the usual ills of paper objects; they disappear; they become valuable, and get bought and sold; they are reproduced.

Szarkowski J, 1966 The Photographer's Eye (New York: Museum of Modern Art) 

This book featured the work of Friedlander, Evans, Strand and many others, and attempted to give an overview of the fundamental challenges and opportunities of the photographic medium. In the introduction to the book, he offers a brief historical overview of photography in terms of how it has evolved and how he sees it as a unique artistic medium.

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-SPIRALS AS A GENERATIVE FORM OF BEING
+== '''From Landscape to Portrait: How aspect Ratio changed the way we perceive the world.''' ==
-'''1. INTRODUCTION'''
+<big>First Chapter Link
+https://pad.xpub.nl/p/Thesis_Alecio</big>
-''1.1. Thesis Statement:''
-Spirals are a common shape found in nature, art, architecture and symbolism. It has been there in art, religion and philosophy from the most ancient times, in earth divination, event patterning, occult belief or "magical" systems, and in aspects of the studies of many sciences including astronomy, quantum physics, psychology, biology, anthropology and zoology.
+<big>The Meeting (Introduction to the Thesis) > [[User:Alecioferrari/INTRODUCTION]]</big><big>
-Indeed, the spiral vortex, as found in whirlpools in water and in the double helix structure of the DNA molecule — just two of myriad examples — is nature’s favored form for the transmission of its energy, both economically and efficaciously, radiating out and drawing in simultaneously, infinitely and eternally.
-This shape seems to be the "way" the universe tends to arrange itself, the perfect link between microcosm and macrocosm, a visibile and tangible example of the nature-culture dualism, a mysterious symbol and a generative mechanism.
+=== INTRODUCTION ===
-.2 Background
+<big>A photograph has edges, the world does not. The edges separate what is in the photograph and what is excluded. This is where the structures of the photograph begins with the image and works its way out to the frame, where it ends.
-Through a conceptual and philosophical study, I’d like to highlight the tension between nature and culture, with a focus on the “spiral shape” as eternal sign of the creative and organizing principle at work in the universe, as a natural motif that inspired art, architecture and science.
+The frame of the photograph also sets up a relationship between its edge and its subject. It can contain and hold an image and by composition gather the objects and create subject matter.
+Without the frame, there can be no composition.
-In this work I will try to set out and subject to critical analysis the many analogies which have been made by a great variety of writers, researchers and artists, between science and visual arts, showing how this interpolation happened through the centuries.
+Framing speaks with the aspect ratio, and the aspect ratio is strictly related to the historical period and the technology in use. Documentary photography has been historically rooted in the landscape format, the analog square format gave the possibility to choose which was the better orientation afterwards, and today’s imagery production is mostly vertical due to the usage of smartphones. [give citations to support your point here- also consider the role of portraiture in the development of photography- see The Burden Of Representation - Essays on Photographies and Histories by John Tagg Here the portrait photo, which were commissioned by the rising middle class in the 19th C, competed with the conventions of portraiture in painting- Tagg argues that many of the compositional conventions of early portrait photos were established by established conventions in painting. see also Techniques of the Observer On Vision and Modernity in the Nineteenth Century
+By Jonathan Crary. I note that your visual examples are portraits - your own work tends to landscape...]
-I have come to the study through and interest in the theory of design and visual arts - especially photography - and a concern with what contribution, if any, systematic or scientific research can make to the art field.
+What makes for good image cropping? Open literatures generally have two different opinions: image cropping guided by attention and image cropping informed by aesthetics.[citation]
-There is a parallel concern in anthropological theory, some reference to which will be helpful in this context, with the distinction between the study of what features of human society, institutions and artifacts can be regarded as utilitarian and practical, and what features are to be seen cultural or symbolic.
+Photographs represent my very first medium, my tools and my vocabulary. I’ve been questioning multiple times which would be the best framing solutions for the images that I produce and how these choices have an impact of the viewer.
+My very first image production started with digital cameras, then moved on the use of film. Passing through the square format, currently my practice has stabilized on the use of 6x7 medium format. I rarely crop my images, conversely I most keep the original black frame of the film. [<< here it starts to get interesting, because you start to describe your own practice. I would provide a lot more detail here about the work you made and the choices you took. Can we look at other instances where the black frame device is used, what does that device do, in other instances and in your own work? I think you could start to approach the question - how does the apparatus of the camera and the production of the image ''produce'' the observer. Or more specifically, what kind of viewer does your work produce, What techniques of observation does the viewer bring to the images you Make?]
+What’s interesting for me as image maker, is analyzing how the photographs format it’s strictly related to the technology (and historical period), and how our perception of the meaning images can changes according to the format or kind of frame. [<<great, here you can unpack that with a great more detail]
-.3 Methodology
-I will summarize the structure of the thesis, highlighting key topics and touchpoint.
+What gets lost in the crop? How to define an image efficiency? How our ability of interpret images has changed through history? These are some of the fundamental questions that I would like to investigate within my thesis research.
-'''2. THE BODY'''
+'''QUESTIONS I WILL DISCUSS IN MY THESIS'''
+- Is editing cropping considered as cheating?
-.1 First Topic: An overview of the primordial meaning of the spiral in the natural world in relation to the artificial realm
+- What’s my own definition of “visual efficiency”?
-→ The vaste natural world of spirals
+- How I approach cropping images in my own work?
-→ The Golden Section
-→ Spirals in engineer and architecture
-→ Spirals in visual arts
+- Is my way of interacting with different aspect ratios changed along the time in my practice?
-.2 Third Topic: Anthropological and philosophical context of nature vs culture
-→ The relation of the parts to the whole in the organism and in the work of art
-→ Relationship between the human body and proportion in architecture
-→ Technological and Organic evolution
-.3 Fourth Topic: Case Study: Karl Blossfeldt’s work analysis
-→ Karl Blossfeldt - Mediating Nature
+</big>
-→ The New Objectivity Movement
-→ Forensic Analysis of Blossfeldt’s photographs
-'''3. CONCLUSIONS'''
+[[File:Philippe Halsman Dali is painting medusas head on Galas forehead.jpg|400px]]___[[File:Transparencies-Small-Camera-Works.jpg|750px]]___[[File:D09bda8771a5cdc9204bae5328ac2a3a.png|600px]]___[[File:IPhone Vertical.jpg|330px]]
-.1 Raising Questions:
+=== '''CHAPTER .1''' ===
+<big><big>REALITY SEEN THROUGH THE FRAME</big>
-→ Why the spiral was such an important and sacred symbol in many ancient cultures?
+In this chapter, I will introduce the role that image composition plays in image aesthetic and “visual efficiency”.
-→ Why spirals are still used today in art, design and architecture?
+Quantifying the aesthetic value of a photograph is a very hard problem, for this reason I will introduce fundamental visual theories such as Gestalt and geometrical sections to set up the necessary rules to build up the conversation. I will touch arguments such as the passive vs active frame and the “Decisive Moment” theory.
+Afterwards, I will outline the evolution of the aspect ratio along photography history in relation to the technology in use.
-.2 Sum-up of main points
+'''1.1''' What is composition?
+'''1.2''' The ingredients of an image
-.3 Final Memorable Statement
+'''1.3''' The Aspect Ratio in relation to history
-Ultimately, the implication is that the spiral form is integral to strength and growth and indeed, it may be that all curves of growth are based on it. Moreover, the spiral is a powerful example of how nature tends to repeat the use of a successful design over and over again on every level of its creative handiwork: indeed, this design is the most universal of all.
+=== '''CHAPTER .2''' ===
+<big>HOW WE TAKE PICTURE IS HOW WE PROCESS THE WORLD</big><big></big>
-'''4. REFERENCES'''
+A never ending photography question is: the photograph happens during the shooting or during the editing process? Also, is editing cropping considered as cheating?
+Cropping images can be considered a controversial technique as you can alter the image meaning. In photojournalism, cropping is widely considered outrageous as the image can’t be a reliable document anymore. On the other hand, cropping can considerably improve the image visual performance and balance. For instance, the analog square format of camera such as the Rolleiflex used by Cecil Beaton, enabled photographers and editor to choose the most suitable orientation after the shot. On the contrary, nowadays the most preferred orientation became the vertical,  due to the widespread use of smartphones.
-Steadman, P. (1979). The Evolution of Designs Biological Analogy in Architecture and the Applied Arts /Philip Steadman. Cambridge University Press, 1979.
-March L. and Steadman P. (1971), The Geometry of Environment (London, 1971), pp. 229-32.
+'''2.1''' On cropping photographs: Between Ethics and Strategy
-Thompson, D. (1992). On Growth and Form (Canto) (J. Bonner, Ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9781107325852
+'''2.2''' Why shooting squares can transform the landscapes
-Cook, Theodore Andrea, Sir. (1903). Spirals in nature and art. J. Murray. Retrieved from 10.5479/sil.25890.39088001368638
+'''2.3''' Going vertical and essential with the advent of smartphones
-Cook, Theodore Andrea, Sir. (1914) The Curves of Life (London, 1914).
-J. Stoots. Karl Blossfeldt Indisputably Modern, 2011
-Murata, H., Material Forms in nature: The Photographs of Karl Blossfeldt.
+=== '''CHAPTER .3''' ===
-Scholfield, Peter Hugh. “The Theory of Proportion in Architecture.” (2011).
+<big>CASE STUDIES: MY OWN WORK ANALYSIS IN RELATION TO OTHER AUTHORS
+</big><big></big>
+Stephen Shore's photographs often appear as unstudied snapshots before revealing themselves, on closer examination, to be carefully calculated and balanced. His imagery production it’s well know to be un-cropped, usually cutting objects at the margins and leaving room for the viewer’s interpretation and imagination. On the contrary we have Philippe Halsman production, which appears to be the opposite: shooting wide in order to being able to crop afterwards.
+In this chapter I will introduce my own work in comparison to these two image makers. I will outline how my approach to framing and cropping has changed and which would be the possible future directions.
+'''3.1''' Personal Essay: Analysis of editing cropping and framing within my own work
+'''3.2''' Stephen Shore picture analysis
+'''3.3''' Philippe Halsman picture analysis
+=== '''REFERENCES''' ===
+'''Cartier-Bresson, H., MATISSE, H., & TÉRIADE, E. (1952). The decisive moment.'''
+Henri Cartier-Bresson introduces his thoughts on the relationship of forms within the frame, as well as the recognition of composition, order and equilibrium of the subjects. What the camera does is simply to register upon film the decision made by the eye.
+'''Gombrich E H, 1979 The Sense of Order (London: Phaidon)'''
+The Sense of Order provides a comprehensive survey of the rich history and theory of decorative art
+Gombrich goes on to discuss the role the mind plays in choosing what the eye will see. We see selectively, and what we choose to see is determined by context, by instinct and by experience, establishing a direct contact between eye and brain.
+'''Mcmanus, Ian & Zhou, Fanzhi & l'Anson, Sophie & Waterfield, Lucy & Stöver, Katharina & Cook, Richard. (2011). The Psychometrics of Photographic Cropping: The Influence of Colour, Meaning, and Expertise. Perception. 40. 332-57. 10.1068/p6700.'''
+This text includes six studies which show that the act of cropping is carried out reliably and confidently by both expert and non-expert. This study take in consideration many participants which were asked to actively crop and manipulate photographs.
+'''Ritchin, F. (2009). After photography. New York, W.W. Norton.'''
+After Photography examines the myriad ways in which the digital revolution has fundamentally altered the way we receive visual information, from photos of news events taken by ordinary people on cell phones to the widespread use of image surveillance. Fred Ritchin argues that it is time to begin energetically exploring the possibilities created by digital innovations and to use them to better understand our rapidly changing world.
+'''Shore, S. (2020) “Q&A with Stephen Shore and Gregory Crewdson.” YouTube, uploaded by Yale MFA Photography, 20 Apr. 2020, www.youtube.com/watch?v=LXpQ1wCH7mU&t=1522s.'''
+In this video Stephen Shore is in conversation with Gregory Crewdson. It has been fundamental for my research as he explained his own view and practical approach to image framing, stating that the borders aren’t the limit of an image, instead are the lines where the image starts.
+'''Sontag, S. (1977). On photography. New York, Farrar, Straus and Giroux.'''
+Susan Sontag talk about the value and impact of photographs as physical objects in our daily life. She mention how printed photographs age, plagued by the usual ills of paper objects; they disappear; they become valuable, and get bought and sold; they are reproduced.
+'''Szarkowski J, 1966 The Photographer's Eye (New York: Museum of Modern Art) '''
+This book featured the work of Friedlander, Evans, Strand and many others, and attempted to give an overview of the fundamental challenges and opportunities of the photographic medium. In the introduction to the book, he offers a brief historical overview of photography in terms of how it has evolved and how he sees it as a unique artistic medium.