Yin-yang, Transdualism: Difference between revisions

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除此之外,阴阳跨二元论更重要的概念是葛兰言翻译为“相互穿透”(interpenetration mutuelle)的“通”。 “通”既被动也主动,它意味着穿刺、弥漫。 实际上,它是事物的理想状态。
除此之外,阴阳跨二元论更重要的概念是葛兰言翻译为“相互穿透”(interpenetration mutuelle)的“通”。 “通”既被动也主动,它意味着穿刺、弥漫。 实际上,它是事物的理想状态。


=== Eurocentrism ===
Ilan Kapoor’s argument that “the Western legacy […] may well be (and is indeed) imperialist domination and plunder […] supplied the very standards by which it (and its critics) measures its own critical past,” echoes with some critical discourse that busily denies any decolonial attempt as “nativism” and “nostalgia of an imaginary past.” Eurocentrism, including the “critical one,” is soaked in the denial of pervasion. Denial of pervasion, together with denial of coevalness is the Eurocentric response to what they deem as “European legacy” on the one hand, and on the “inscrutable Chinese” on the other. If one were to agree with the theory of postcolonial totality, indeed one of pervasion, albeit the undesirable kind, called colonial imposition, we need to fundamentally debunk the very idea that Europe has created itself ''ex nihilo,'' that European thinkers Hegel, Sartre, Freud, Lacan, and so on, just miraculously created emancipatory theories as if from nothingness.


伊兰·卡普尔的论点是:“西方遗产[...]当然可能是(也确实是)帝国统治和掠夺[...],但也提供了它自身(及其批评者)衡量其过去的准绳”,这也呼应了一些急于否认任何去殖民的尝试都是“本土主义”和“对想象中的过去的一种怀旧”的批评话语。欧洲中心主义,包括“批判性”的欧洲中心主义在内,完全是拒绝承认他者渗透的重灾区。对他者渗透的否认 (denial of pervasion),以及对与研究主体共时性的否认(denial of coevalness;Johannes Fabian语),正是欧洲中心对他们认为的“欧洲遗产”之反应,也是对“莫名其妙中文”的反应。如果我们必须接受后殖民是普遍和总体状况,也即是说一种相互渗透的状况——尽管是不受欢迎的一种渗透,曰殖民主义强加于人,我们就必须从根本上揭穿如下思想:即,欧洲自我发明,自我创造,无中生有(ex nihilo);欧洲的思想家黑格尔,萨特,弗洛伊德,拉康等人也奇迹般地,仿佛是无中生有地创造了解放性的理论。
=== Differences per se are not the problem. Not only that, but also difference is what enables the ''transing'' of movement and the potential of porosity. ===





Revision as of 17:58, 9 March 2023

Yin-yang has its history

Even though the long history of masculine domination and pervasive heteronormativity in China does help but to confirm this kind of reductive reading of yin-yang as a hierarchical sexual binarism, I cannot help but think that yin-yang has been crudely colonized in 2012. It has been reduced to an ahistorical concept, whose prehistoric origins—along with the mythology of Fuxi Nvwa in the 20th century BCE; the warring-state instantiation in the I Ching in the 5th Century BCE; the Taoist modification and Confucian adaptation from the Taoist in the Zhou dynasty around the 5th to the 2ndcenturies BCE; its further stratification, moralization, and might I add heteronormativization in cosmological Confucianism, notably by Dong Zhongshu in the Han dynasty, around the 1st and 2nd centuries BCE; and its resurgence in philosophical treaties of the neo-Confucians of the Song dynasty, notably Zhou Dunyi and Zhu Xi in the 11th to 12th centuries, to name but only a span of three thousand years of dramatic changes.

But seeing yin-yang as sexual difference or more precisely as “coital harmony with eastern wisdom” is omnipresent in, for example, self-cultivation sexual manuals, massage oil, or herbal teas that claim to balance mind and body.

Richard Wilhelm’s 1923 introduction to the German translation of the I Ching:

However, speculations of a gnostic-dualistic character are foreign to the original thought of the I Ching […] At that time, the Book of Changes was much in use as a book of magic, and people read into the text all sorts of things not originally there. This doctrine of yin and yang, of the female and the male as primal principles, has naturally also attracted much attention among foreign students of Chinese thought. Following the usual bent, some of these have predicated in it a primitive phallic symbolism, with all the accompanying connotations. To the disappointment of such discoverers, it must be said that there is nothing to indicate this in the original meaning of the words yin and yang [emphasis added].

Marcel Granet:

rien n’invite à voir, dans le Yin et le Yang, des Substances, des Forces, des Principes.

The two contradictory propensities are constantly in the process of becoming each other (like day and night, light and shadow). This inter-becoming does not really allow for clear differentiation and demarcation.

They are not two ontologically separated entities or forces that would be jointed together with an “and.”. The Confucian commentary on the Yi Jing states: “one yin and one yang, this is called Dao” 1; the Daoist classic Dao Dejing has it: “all things carry yin yet embrace yang” (Chapter 42). In order to tease out the complex yin-yang relationality and to avoid misunderstanding apprehension of yin-yang as a sort of ontology of sexual difference or of any ontology at all, it is important to stress, through a violation of the English grammar: yin “and” yang are either mutually restraining (克) and mutually generative (生). As it is stated in Chapter 1 of the Dao Dejing, “these two, they come from the same place yet bear different names” (Chapter 1). ​ What’s more, these “two” are a process with four stages in accordance with seasonal changes of spring-summer-autumn-winter. In the Yellow Emperor’s Inner Cannon, two stages are added. The Treatise on Cold Injury by Zhang Zhongjing elaborates in details these six different degrees in detail: absolute yin, lesser yin, greater yin, less yang, yang brightness, absolute yang.

这牵涉两种相反的趋势持续地相互转化(如,白天和黑夜,向光与背光)。并没有任何清晰的分界可以划定其相互流动的途径。它们并非可以被“合二为一” 的两种相互分离的实体或力量。儒家《易经系辞》道:“一阴一阳之谓道” ​王弼,《周易注(附周易略例)》;道家《道德经》第四十二章:“万物负阴而抱阳”。为了弄清复杂的阴阳关系,并避免将阴阳误以为是一种性别差异的存有本质,或任何其它事物的存有本质,我想强调阴和阳的“相生相克”,这在现代语言学中并不这么容易理解:阴与阳的相克意味一种非a即b的“either/or”,但同时,它们的相生意味着既a且b的“and”。正如道德经开篇所说,“此两者,同出而异名”。重要的是,这两个“过程”根据四季节气发展出事物变化的四阶段,《黄帝内经》再细分出另外两阶段,总共是:厥阴,少阴,太阴,少阳,阳明,太阳等六个不同程度的状态,这也在张仲景《伤寒论》中得到完整的阐述。

Either/Or, Either/And

We could summarize dualistic thinking spatially in terms of “either/or” and temporally in terms of secessionism (before/after) through, the production of “turns”: the linguistic turn, the visual turn, the affective turn, the ecological turn, the ontological turn, the decolonial turn. Transdualism attempts to critique dualism without reproducing a dualistic model of “either/or,” one that pretends to move beyond, to overcome or overthrow dualism, but always locked in a temporal secessionism within a seemingly linear Euro-American-centric genealogy. I want to use transdualism as a critique that moves below the logic of secessionist “either/or” and may be captured with the pairing “either … and.” “Either” marks their distinct “identities,” qualities, and tendencies in time and space; “and” marks their dependency and entanglement, their propensity for running into and becoming each other, which therefore renders the distinct “identities” frangible and evanescent.

关于二元论思维,非此即彼的“either / or”是这种思维的空间表述,而“之前/之后”则可以说是其时间性的表达,以至于一系列“转向”的生产都是如此:语言学转向,视觉转向,情感转向,生态转向,本体论转向,去殖民转向。跨二元论(transdualism)尝试在批评二元论的同时不重蹈二元论的“非此即彼”模型,这个模型常常假装超克或推翻二元论,却仍旧被锁定在一个欧美中心的线性谱系之中。反之,我对跨二元论作为批评空间的使用,则是要向下潜入分裂主义“非此即彼”( either/or)的逻辑之下,将它篡改成“非此…也是”(either …and)的逻辑。其中,“非此”标志着事物的独特性,标志其“身份”、特质和趋势;而 “也是”则标志着他们的依存和纠缠,以及它们相互碰撞并成为对方的倾向,并使独特的“身份”显得转瞬即逝。

Granet elaborates his theory that yin-yang points to aspects, or what he calls “emblems,” rather than forces or principles, through an attention to the entanglement of time and space by rendering the Confucian commentary on the Yi Jing “一陰一陽之謂道” [one yin and one yang, this is called Dao]” as “un temps yin, un temps yang /un côté yin, un côté yang, c’est là le Tao”. He contends rightly that to understand these time-space entanglement, one needs to remember: “ce mot [tao] signale une notion appparentée aux idées de yi (mutation), de pien (changement cyclique), de t’ong(interpenetration mutuelle)” Yi is part of the title of I Ching. The same-–difference interbecoming of yin-yang and the (un)changing Dao have been explored in the I Ching. Its title, I Ching, for example could be more accurately translated as “The Unchangeable Script [經] of (Non)Changeabilities.” “Trans-” in “transdualism” primarily follows the multiple meaning of “yi” (易), connoting effortlessness (transformation silencieuse), changeability, and invariability.

葛兰言的法译版本将儒家的系辞“一阴一阳之谓道”解为:“一个阴时,一个阳时/一个阴面,一个阳面,之谓道”。这版翻译注意到了阴与阳在时空中相互纠缠的特质,葛兰言以此强调阴阳并非某些具体力量或法则,而是一些面向(aspects),或他所说的“象” (emblems)。他也正确指出,若要理解这些时空纠缠,就必须知道:“道字隐含了易穷则变,变则通的道理”。他将易译为“变异”、变译为“循环”,通译为“相互穿透”。​简言之,《易经》的阴阳研究异与同的相互变化,道探讨变与不变。《易经》的标题我们原该如此看待:关于变异(易)的不变之道(经)。“跨二元论”中的“跨”正是遵循“易”的多重含义,暗含轻易(弗兰索瓦·于连说的“默化”),可变性和不变性。

What remains less elaborated, but a more intriguing and more important aspect that I bring to the discussion of yin-yang transdualism to our discussion here, is the idea of t’ong, translated by Granet as “interpénétration mutuelle.” The notion of tong is passive and active, penetrating and pervading. In fact, it is an ideal status of the things.

除此之外,阴阳跨二元论更重要的概念是葛兰言翻译为“相互穿透”(interpenetration mutuelle)的“通”。 “通”既被动也主动,它意味着穿刺、弥漫。 实际上,它是事物的理想状态。

Eurocentrism

Ilan Kapoor’s argument that “the Western legacy […] may well be (and is indeed) imperialist domination and plunder […] supplied the very standards by which it (and its critics) measures its own critical past,” echoes with some critical discourse that busily denies any decolonial attempt as “nativism” and “nostalgia of an imaginary past.” Eurocentrism, including the “critical one,” is soaked in the denial of pervasion. Denial of pervasion, together with denial of coevalness is the Eurocentric response to what they deem as “European legacy” on the one hand, and on the “inscrutable Chinese” on the other. If one were to agree with the theory of postcolonial totality, indeed one of pervasion, albeit the undesirable kind, called colonial imposition, we need to fundamentally debunk the very idea that Europe has created itself ex nihilo, that European thinkers Hegel, Sartre, Freud, Lacan, and so on, just miraculously created emancipatory theories as if from nothingness.

伊兰·卡普尔的论点是:“西方遗产[...]当然可能是(也确实是)帝国统治和掠夺[...],但也提供了它自身(及其批评者)衡量其过去的准绳”,这也呼应了一些急于否认任何去殖民的尝试都是“本土主义”和“对想象中的过去的一种怀旧”的批评话语。欧洲中心主义,包括“批判性”的欧洲中心主义在内,完全是拒绝承认他者渗透的重灾区。对他者渗透的否认 (denial of pervasion),以及对与研究主体共时性的否认(denial of coevalness;Johannes Fabian语),正是欧洲中心对他们认为的“欧洲遗产”之反应,也是对“莫名其妙中文”的反应。如果我们必须接受后殖民是普遍和总体状况,也即是说一种相互渗透的状况——尽管是不受欢迎的一种渗透,曰殖民主义强加于人,我们就必须从根本上揭穿如下思想:即,欧洲自我发明,自我创造,无中生有(ex nihilo);欧洲的思想家黑格尔,萨特,弗洛伊德,拉康等人也奇迹般地,仿佛是无中生有地创造了解放性的理论。

Differences per se are not the problem. Not only that, but also difference is what enables the transing of movement and the potential of porosity.

Another way of reading

换一种方式去阅读传统或古代的文本,应该更准确的说是“多一种方式”。当然不能掉入一个完全多元主义的“什么都行”。阅读方法必须有理有据,可以找到文本的支持。

文本足够开放:

足够开放的一个原因是它们太久远了,没有人敢说我的这个读法就是对的,如果谁那么说了,肯定就没有读懂或者就没有去读。

第二个原因就是时间的沉淀,经过了几百年几千年的沉淀以后,这些文本都变得极其的丰富,文本和文本的接受历史,还有对文本的阅读,都成为了不可分的一体。经典之所以是经典,就是因为它是开放的,每个人在里面都可以找到自己的影子,或者自己的敌人。

阴阳说起来很简单,但也是一个复杂的问题,在这种开放的文本当中会出现约定俗成的一些理解,我们就一定要非常小心,因为在一个开放的文本当中出现固定的阅读,然后又变成了约定俗成,变成了某一种“真理”,这都可以说是因为某一种权力所致,而不是文本本身就支持这样唯一的解读。

文本在这个时候就成了我们的盟友,我们是可以——所以我说要有理有据——我们可以在文本里面找到不同的解读方法,不同的意义,来反抗约定俗成的霸道。

具体说到阴阳:一个非常常见的,也不叫误读,我们就叫它常见的约定俗成,就是把阴阳拆成阴和阳,拆成两个具有具体的本体存在的东西,然后这两个东西还被附加在了生物性别之上:所谓男的就是阳,女的就是阴,以至于有一些专家——管他是不是有石头旁的砖字,有一些专家就要跑出来说:中国当代的青少年,特别是男孩要给他们重振“阳刚之气”。这个人只要这么一讲,你就知道他也没有怎么去读经典,中医六经辨证里面就有三种阳病:太阳、少阳和阳明。不知道我们的专家要增强的阳刚气是哪种?我们只要沉下心来去看一看古代的文本,它大多数时候都是我们的盟友。

回到最先讲的这些经典文本,包括阴阳这个概念,都有很长的接受和使用的历史。也就是说,很难说有一个唯一正确的、原初的、纯粹的阴阳概念。当然有人是这么做的,但这种方法从根本上来说和我们的当代倡导的一些平等也好,对于差异的尊重等等这些东西,其实在方法论上是相悖的。

在中国的哲学史的长河当中,阴阳其实也是被性别化的,就是说男性是阳,女性是阴。我们基于这样的一个基础再去思考,再来重读或者酷读阴阳,对于当下的性别问题有什么借鉴意义?不是说我们现在要完全摒弃阴阳和性别的之间的纠缠。因为这个纠缠已经发生了。那么我们就再来看这个纠缠以后,我们能不能说:等一下,虽然阴阳和雌雄之间有这么一个纠缠,但还是有距离的,在这很微妙的距离当中,或许可以找到不同的一些方式。

最大的谬误其实是阴和阳的分开。其实在中文里面其实很少会说阴和阳,英文会说yin and yang,但阴阳一般是在中文里是放在一起讲。这两个之间的关系又是相生相克,它既对对方有制衡,也给予对方生命力。我当时在造trans-dualism”跨二元论“概念的初衷是说,在西方和中国学术、艺术界经常会对二元论进行批判,或者说大家认为二元论是很有必要去讨论和反对的一个哲学概念。当然它的确在历史上造成了很多苦难,比如殖民主义暴力,父权制对女性、性少数的压迫等等,都可以归为二元论的原罪。但是在很多批判和思辨过程中,我们又再度掉进了二元对立的方法。抛弃二元论的动力,其实也是一种二元对立,只是说对立的另一方是二元论这个东西。我想知道能不能找到一种内在的哲学,可以解决这一点。让我们不那么快的去跳跃,或者说让我们不去假设我们可以跳跃。其实二元(论)是很难跳跃的。

“Trans-dualism”这个词是我造的,但是这个概念不是我发明的。其实是说有一个东西本来就在,我们怎么去组织它,怎么去讲一个故事,然后在组织和讲故事的过程当中出现一些新的东西。

《山海经》已经是怪得不得了的一本书,怎么通过重新组织,通过写作产生一个距离。语言文字上的,然后是认识论上的,地理上的距离,再返回来看看中间可以发生什么事情,发酵出一些什么新的东西。

为什么这个就酷?“酷”提醒我们文本是和(酷儿)身份也好,方法也好,是联系在一起的。

酷写或者是任何写作,都应该是一种没有被定义的,也不该被定义的开放性的写作。写作本身也等同是一种探索的过程。

我想到的一个大家最耳熟能详的例子就是端午节,许仙给白素贞喝了雄黄酒,然后她就变回了真身,变成了白蟒,把许仙吓死了。大家会想站在白素贞的角度上想怎么办:他发现了你是蛇。而不是站在人的、许仙的角度。所以说文本的力量是非常大的,它大到可以让我们去认同屏幕上、或者是文本里正统的叙述上面“不是人”的那一部分。这种翻转其实是艺术作品里面非常巨大的能力,可能是理论这些东西做不到的。问题是,怎么提供另外一种去看的可能性,怎么去理解我们能够看到的不是全部,但是全部是在那的,问题是我们怎么去看。

讲到起源,我们当然还是要看神话,所有的创世神话都在解决这个问题。比如说圣经的第一本书《创世纪》,《创世纪》在很长一段时间被认为是记录“无中生有”的这么一个神迹的的文本,实际上它留下了很多线索,在所谓的无中生有的那一瞬间之前,其实是有很多东西的。包括《古怪之道》也在梳理到古巴比伦然后往前是苏美尔,然后再往前再往前....;殖民历史就更不用说了,所谓的美洲地理大发现,对吧?那些文明已经存在了几千年,还有三个巨大的帝国,印加,玛雅和阿兹特克,这些好像都不算数,欧洲人把美洲当做是一种发现。所以我们一方面要去批判这种其实很父权的创世论,另一方面讲,也是创作的常态,任何创作或者创造都不可能完全无中生有,纯粹一蹴而就,对吧?

所以寻根这个词就很有意思。寻根文化,从这个角度上来说,它就是一个非常父权,非常的唯一论的一个方式。前几天出现了大量的非常奇怪的恐同言论。然后我的第一反应,其实我也写了一个小的东西,叫做“恐同不是中国传统”,也就是说中国传统文化里面并没有任何证据来支持这些血口喷人,极具民粹特色的恐同言论。不过,我就讲到这儿吧点到为止。

我觉得可能“解构”这个词最接近。解构经常会被很粗暴的理解为瓦解,它不是瓦解,它有“构建”的意思在里面,不是毁灭掉就完了。最近《澎湃思想市场》也翻译了剑桥大学的印度学者普里亚姆瓦达·戈帕尔对去殖民很有意义的讨论:假设我们可以去遗忘,假设我们可以回到前殖民,顶多是一个假设而已。

刚才说到这个钦原虽然小,但是无所畏惧,然后到处杀人,这个让我想到了一个特别小,然后现在让世界大乱的东西就是新冠病毒,对吧?这个东西太小了,然后太有力了。全球化的语境有点难说,因为现在我感觉全球化在迅速的瓦解,就是因为小小的病毒,全世界的敌我势不两立的这种势头又开始慢慢的,也不是慢慢的吧,急速的蔓延开来,在不同的地方。

酷儿,酷读、酷写的方法其实就是比较“脏”的方法,脏乱差的脏,它不会去追求纯粹性,对吧?不会去追求寻根本源,不会去追求两性的绝对分别。我在书里面也讲到,酷儿方法和去殖民必须要联合,这两个的结合可能是现在的一种出路。

说unlearning,其实learning也还在里面嘛。我说的去殖民的方法,酷儿的方法,我们谈到的所有的这些东西,希望至少能给在学习过程当中的大家一个鼓励:误读是没问题的。(笑)大胆的去误读,不是必须把复杂、巨大的系统全盘地搞明白。