Prototyping for Habitat

Raspberry Installation

Raspberry Pi documentation → https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/configuration.html

I followed this guide: → https://pzwiki.wdka.nl/mediadesign/The_Ultimate_RPi_Installation_Guide
1. Download an OS image file

• RASPBIAN: https://www.raspberrypi.org/software/operating-systems/

2. Put image on SD Card

• Open terminal
• Find the disk that you are going to write to

diskutil list

• Find the disk /dev/disk<number>
• You need to unmount the SD Card before imaging

sudo diskutil unmountDisk /dev/disk<number>

• Then to image the disk with your image put in the following command

sudo dd bs=4m if=/path/to/your/image.img of=/dev/rdisk<number>

3. Enable SSH on the Pi

With a screen + keyboard

• Connect the Pi to a screen and keyboard.
• Run: sudo raspi-config
• Select Interfacing Options
• Navigate to and select SSH
• Choose Yes
• Select Ok
• Choose Finish

4. put the SD card back in the Pi and boot it up

5. Login into the Pi, using the ip address of the pi, or using the hostname of the machine.

ssh root@192.168.1.73
ssh pi@192.168.2.15
ssh pi@raspberrypi.local

6. Change the hostname (the name of the Pi)

You can change this name, by editing these two files:

sudo nano /etc/hostname
sudo nano /etc/hosts

Change /etc/hosts into:

127.0.0.1       localhost
::1             localhost ip6-localhost ip6-loopback
ff02::1         ip6-allnodes
ff02::2         ip6-allrouters

127.0.1.1       habitat

Reboot the Pi after you made these changes!

7. Reach your Pi using its hostname

You can use the hostname to ssh into the Pi, if you are in the same local network as your Pi:

ssh username@hostname.local

You can use this hostname also in the browser, to access the webserver on the Pi. Try to visit:

hostname.local
hostname.lan

Set Up the Raspberry Pi as a local Wi-Fi Access point

Install AP and Management Software

1. In order to work as an access point

sudo apt install hostapd

2. Enable the wireless access point service and set it to start when your Raspberry Pi boots:

sudo systemctl unmask hostapd
sudo systemctl enable hostapd

3. To provide network management services (DNS, DHCP) to wireless clients:

sudo apt install dnsmasq

4. To help saving firewall rules and restoring them when the Raspberry Pi boots:

sudo DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive apt install -y netfilter-persistent iptables-persistent

Set up the Network Router

The Raspberry Pi will run and manage a standalone wireless network. It will also route between the wireless and Ethernet networks, providing internet access to wireless clients. If you prefer, you can choose to skip the routing by skipping the section "Enable routing and IP masquerading" below, and run the wireless network in complete isolation.

1. To configure the static IP address, edit the configuration file for dhcpcd with:

sudo nano /etc/dhcpcd.conf

Go to the end of the file and add the following:

interface wlan0
static ip_address=192.168.4.1/24
nohook wpa_supplicant

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Even if not necessary, my Raspberry Pi worked only after running the codes in this section

3. Enable Routing and IP Masquerading This section configures the Raspberry Pi to let wireless clients access computers on the main (Ethernet) network, and from there the internet.

sudo nano /etc/sysctl.d/routed-ap.conf

Add:

# Enable IPv4 routing
net.ipv4.ip_forward=1

4. Enabling routing to allow hosts from network 192.168.4.0/24 to reach the LAN and the main router towards the internet.

Run

sudo iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -o eth0 -j MASQUERADE

Then

sudo netfilter-persistent save

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Configure the DHCP and DNS services for the wireless network

The DHCP and DNS services are provided by dnsmasq. The default configuration file serves as a template for all possible configuration options, whereas we only need a few. It is easier to start from an empty file.

Rename the default configuration file and edit a new one:

sudo mv /etc/dnsmasq.conf /etc/dnsmasq.conf.orig
sudo nano /etc/dnsmasq.conf

Add the following to the file and save it:

interface=wlan0 # Listening interface
dhcp-range=192.168.4.2,192.168.4.20,255.255.255.0,24h
                # Pool of IP addresses served via DHCP
domain=wlan     # Local wireless DNS domain
address=/gw.wlan/192.168.4.1
                # Alias for this router

Ensure Wireless Operation

To ensure WiFi radio is not blocked on your Raspberry Pi, execute the following command:

sudo rfkill unblock wlan

Configure the AP Software

Create the hostapd configuration file, located at /etc/hostapd/hostapd.conf, to add the various parameters for your new wireless network.

sudo nano /etc/hostapd/hostapd.conf

Add:

country_code=NL
interface=wlan0
ssid=habitat
hw_mode=g
channel=7
macaddr_acl=0
auth_algs=1
ignore_broadcast_ssid=0
wpa=2
wpa_passphrase=set-up-the-pswd
wpa_key_mgmt=WPA-PSK
wpa_pairwise=TKIP
rsn_pairwise=CCMP

Reboot

sudo systemctl reboot