The Margins of Language: Difference between revisions

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但是你在这种言说的过程当中,也并不一定是去认同这个主流,你在这个过程当中有很多的抵抗
但是你在这种言说的过程当中,也并不一定是去认同这个主流,你在这个过程当中有很多的抵抗


===== 華語語系如何通過視覺性作為認同的機制來建立新的認同和論述空間?(地方感性 Sense of aplace)How can Sinophone systems create new spaces of identity and discourse through visuality as a mechanism of identity? =====
===== 華語語系如何通過視覺性作為認同的機制來建立新的認同和論述空間?(地方感性 Sense of place)How can Sinophone systems create new spaces of identity and discourse through visuality as a mechanism of identity? =====
華語語系立基於地方,是日常生活的實踐於經驗,也是根據地方需求與狀況,而隨之反應與轉變的歷史形構


====== 華語語系立基於地方,是日常生活的實踐於經驗,也是根據地方需求與狀況,而隨之反應與轉變的歷史形構 ======
Sinophone is based on local practice and experience, and is a historical structure that responds and changes according to local needs and conditions


====== 華語語系的主體性來自於藝術製作與藝術欣賞 ======
華語語系的主體性來自於藝術製作與藝術欣賞
The subjectivity of the Sinophone comes from artistic production and artistic appreciation


作為前景/聚焦者
作為前景/聚焦者
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華文/中文:「失語的南方」與語言再造
華文/中文:「失語的南方」與語言再造


==== 多元語境中的華文(地域標記)--》馬華文藝獨特性 ====
==== 多元語境中的華文(地域標記)--》馬華文藝獨特性 Sinophone in Diverse Contexts (Geographical Markers) --》 The Uniqueness of Malaysian  Chinese Literature and Arts ====
華文淪為表音符號
華文淪為表音符號


英文外來語
英文外來語


地方方言
地方方言 土腔 各种语言的混杂


(缺乏这个书面化的经验,一直是被排除在书写系统之外)
(缺乏这个书面化的经验,一直是被排除在书写系统之外)


==== 境內中文 vs 境外中文 (北方/南方) ====
==== 境內中文 vs 境外中文 (北方/南方)Chinese within territory vs Chinese outside territory (North / South) ====
口語化/技術化
口語化/技術化
(中国内莫言、贾平凹很口语/台湾香港太技术
北方的方言和这个普通话之间的这个转换是比较容易的
南方不可能 骆以军
另一个原因:60年代后台大文学系遭到清洗 无法往现实贴近 有危险
朦胧诗
海外的作家更规整
南方:不仅仅是地理/弱势群体/少数 习得的东西 不是原初的 只能这么写 写论文更容易)


技術性/文化性
技術性/文化性
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對話中的語法
對話中的語法




言文合一 vs 言文分離
言文合一 vs 言文分離




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華人身分的再確認


中國性作為符號和象徵(空洞性)
華人身分的再確認/中國性作為符號和象徵(空洞性)/自我展演 自我東方化


自我展演/自我東方化
Chinese New Year and the Lion Dance in the Netherlands as a reaffirmation of Chinese identity / Chineseness as symbol and token ( emptiness ) / Self-performance Self-Orientalisation


在欧洲的中东餐厅,他们也进行自我东方化,但是他们自我东方化是为了跟那些fundamentalism,就是基督那个那个宗教基本教派来进行区隔


是说我们可能只是在文化上是东方的,但是在宗教政治上我们并不认同的一些东西,所以说自我东方化在不同的这个脉络当中,它是是是很多可能是strategy


===  第三部分 德里達「他者的單語主義」Derrida: monolingualism of the other ===
===  第三部分 德里達「他者的單語主義」Derrida: monolingualism of the other ===


====  德里達發現的問題 Problems identified by Derrida ====
'''a lack of proprietary identity or oneness with the language.''' In what he calls a “logical contradiction” or “performative contradiction” of enunciation (2, 3), he offers this lyrical refrain: “'''I only have one language; it is not mine'''” (1); “it will never be mine, this language, the only one I am thus destined to speak, as long as speech is possible for me in life and in death; you see, never will this language be mine. And, truth to tell, it never was”


德里達發現的問題
====  單語主義 monolingualism ====
 
Monolingualism in this instance is less the exclusive sign of imposition by political force or cunning than '''it is the promise of the singular''', a promise that remains open-ended and thus messianic in character: “It is not possible to speak outside this promise . . . that gives a language, the uniqueness of the idiom, but only by promising to give it. There can be no question of getting out of this uniqueness without unity. It is not to be opposed to the other, nor even distinguished from the other. It is the monolanguage of the other. '''The of signifies not so much property as provenance: language is for the other, coming from the other, the coming of the other” (68, Derrida’s emphasis).34'''
a lack of proprietary identity or oneness with the language. In what he calls a “logical contradiction” or “performative contradiction” of enunciation (2, 3), he offers this lyrical refrain: “I only have one language; it is not mine” (1); “it will never be mine, this language, the only one I am thus destined to speak, as long as speech is possible for me in life and in death; you see, never will this language be mine. And, truth to tell, it never was”
 
 
單語主義
 
Monolingualism in this instance is less the exclusive sign of imposition by political force or cunning than it is the promise of the singular, a promise that remains open-ended and thus messianic in character: “It is not possible to speak outside this promise . . . that gives a language, the uniqueness of the idiom, but only by promising to give it. There can be no question of getting out of this uniqueness without unity. It is not to be opposed to the other, nor even distinguished from the other. It is the monolanguage of the other. The of signifies not so much property as provenance: language is for the other, coming from the other, the coming of the other” (68, Derrida’s emphasis).34




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他者就是殖民者
==== 他者就是殖民者 “The other” is the colonizer ====
 


“The other” in this instance is, quite straightforwardly, the colonizer, who, operating on the foundation of a repressive sovereignty, demands that the colonized adhere to a single language, against which the colonized is always found to be inferior. Hence Derrida’s uneasy awareness that he probably does not sound completely authentic: “Not everything in my ‘French Algerian’ accent is lost. Its intonation is more apparent in certain ‘pragmatic’ situations (anger or exclamation in familial or familiar surroundings, more often in private than in public, which is a quite reliable criterion for the experience of this strange and precarious distinction)”


'''“The other”''' in this instance is, quite straightforwardly, '''the colonizer''', who, operating on the foundation of a repressive sovereignty, demands that the colonized adhere to a single language, against which the colonized is always found to be inferior. Hence Derrida’s uneasy awareness that he probably does not sound completely authentic: “Not everything in my ‘French Algerian’ accent is lost. Its intonation is more apparent in certain ‘pragmatic’ situations (anger or exclamation in familial or familiar surroundings, more often in private than in public, which is a quite reliable criterion for the experience of this strange and precarious distinction)”




殖民主義:


In his account, cultural difference and inequity are understood as mere deterministic differentiations that, in the end, do not conjure what is the most significant about the legacy of language, including the linguistic order under colonial dictation. To this extent, Derrida reads colonialism as both specific and universal: colonialism is a specific instance of the appropriation of language by the use of force or cunning; at the same time, all practices of language involve such appropriation. Referring to the colonial master, for instance, he writes: “Because lan- guage is not his natural possession, he can, thanks to that very fact, pretend historically, through the rape of a cultural usurpation, which means always essentially colonial, to appropriate it in order to impose it as ‘his own.’ That is his belief; he wishes to make others share it through the use of force or cunning; he wants to make others believe it, as they do a miracle, through rhetoric, the school, or the army” (23).31
==== 殖民主義: colonialism ====
In his account, cultural difference and inequity are understood as mere deterministic differentiations that, in the end, do not conjure what is the most significant about the legacy of language, including the linguistic order under colonial dictation. To this extent, '''Derrida reads colonialism as both specific and universal: colonialism is a specific instance of the appropriation of language by the use of force or cunning; at the same time, all practices of language involve such appropriation.''' Referring to the colonial master, for instance, he writes: “Because lan- guage is not his natural possession, he can, thanks to that very fact, pretend historically, through the rape of a cultural usurpation, which '''means always essentially colonial, to appropriate it in order to impose it as ‘his own.’ That is his belief; he wishes to make others share it through the use of force or cunning; he wants to make others believe it, as they do a miracle, through rhetoric, the school, or the army”''' (23).31




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法國皇室 巴黎口音 暴力 教育
法國皇室 巴黎口音 暴力 教育
[[User:Muyang|back]]

Latest revision as of 02:17, 1 March 2023

混杂 Creolization

玷污一些人眼中的文化纯洁性

Main Theme

《視覺與認同》導論部分:重構有關華語語系表述與反中國中心主義的相關論證:混雜性,去中心,與在地化

以馬華文學為案例,通過黃錦樹「失語的南方」與「表演的中國性」作為華語語系·馬來西亞在地化脈絡的一種批判

通過藉助德里達「他者的單語主義」以及周蕾的解讀,解釋語言與殖民主義之間的關聯,單語主義背後所隱含的符號暴力。

第一部分 史書美《視覺與認同》導論 Shu-mei Shih, Visuality and Identity: Introduction

Shu-mei Shih(2007),Visuality and Identity: Sinophone Articulations across the Pacific

史書美(2013),視覺與認同: 跨太平洋華語語系表述

關鍵詞:視覺、認同、華語語系、跨太平洋表述

認同政治/身分政治對於少數族裔的必要性 The need for identity politics for ethnic minorities

後殖民主義作為一種認識論與後現代主義作為一種本體論的差異Postcolonialism as an epistemology and Postmodernism as an ontology of difference

Michel Foucault and Wadie Said


后现代理论是对于主体是持一个批判否定和消解的态度。后殖民,他应该至少不是这样做,有一个很明显的理论上的差别是出现在这个福柯和这个萨义德当中,然后就是福柯他们那一派人肯定就是反人文主义,所以他们是从这种结构主义,甚至后结构的方式来去消解这个主体。

但是萨义德是非常坚持这种批评家的位置性,他是很相信这种作家的,个人和主体性在在里面的,所以在做这个文学批评的时候,就有两派,一派就是作者已死这一派,那就是可能会不太考虑作者和这个文本之间的关系,另一派就比如说后殖民这一派,它是非常考虑作者和文本之间关系,以及作者所处的时代和语境。


后殖民不是处理本体论问题,它只是是一个认识论的问题,它并没有宣称任何这种本体论的新的知识,只是在这个知识论层面去给予一些从不同的这种角度,立场,位置和身份来看待事物的一种知识。

P42 認同的知識論地位:The epistemic status of identity

認同是理論的建構,它讓我們能以特定的方法閱讀這個世界。因此,認同具有相當的價值,其知識論地位必須被認真以待。在認同中,以及透過認同,我們才能定義並重新形塑我們的價值觀與我們的社群,我們才能提我們共同的未來提供組織及形式。認同政治的本質論與後現代主義者的懷疑論同樣地窄化了我們的社會與文化認同裡真正的知識與政治的複雜性。

認同不是任意的,而是在經驗中獲得並轉為知識的。Identity is not arbitrary, but is acquired in experience and transformed into knowledge.

認同的多樣性:

讓人擁有權力/產生壓迫/自我生成/強行加諸/有社會創造力/具有「消解、摧毀、改變、想像不同」的能力並抵抗主流論述所強加的認同

為什麼後現代流動主體/消解主體不適合少數族裔進行政治鬥爭 Why the fluid subject is not suitable for ethnic minorities in political struggle
強調一種現實主義的認同用以對抗後現代主義對認同與主體性的無限延遲 Emphasis on a realist identity to counter the post-modernist infinite delay of identity and subjectivity

后现代、后结构处理的问题和这个后殖民处理的问题不一样,因此在理论层面他们就产生了不同的这个立场。学者如果没有搞清这个理论本身的脉络,就会陷入这种就是理论优先或以理论为第出发点的方式来处理问题,处理问题就是错误的,产生了一个很大的一个错位。那么相反,就是至少在这里我们是提倡就是从一个在地的脉络,然后现实主义的方式来对这个理论来进行使用,那比如说主体的这种延迟,拉康 floating signifier,就是首先这个能指它是不断滑动,没有一个绝对的超验的一个所指就是就是意义,意义是永远不固定的,当然它这个东西在在某个层面上确实是如此的,它用来去消解一些他们当时所要处理的问题,但在另外的一个层面,带来其他问题,弹性主体的代价。

彈性主體的代價 The Cost of a Flexible Subject (認同的建構對抵抗有所助益):

工人已死/少數族裔/婦女/異化戀物化(the fetishization of alienation)/將異化的經驗普遍化,有需要的群体無法利用主體性與認同/這是西方哲學內部的脈絡問題,但是西方之外的人並不一定要加入其中/當務之急是區分有用與無用、抵抗的與霸權的、不變的與改變的種種認同

少數說話的意義與方法:「少數文學」(德勒茲與加塔里)Meaning and Method in Minority Speech: 'Minor Literature' (Deleuze and Guattari)

少數的自我表述,或者是少數族群利用主流語言來進行表述

汉语族 sinitic languages(多数的)

認同的機種類型:認同六種(p45)Types of identity

基本教派主義者的認同

商業化的認同:通过挪用本土与全球的多元文化主义来与市场进行利益交换

正當化(合法化)的認同:透过国家与新殖民机器运作的意识形态的召唤来进行运作,然后将自身的这个存在正当化,借以维持权力分布的现状

用国家机器来来来维持的一种正当化的认同/国家认同 意识形态国家机器

知識的認同:是建立在经验的基础上,作为认识世界的工具

抵抗的認同:由认知与知识中发展出来,用以对抗霸权与这个压迫的权利

有改造作用的認同:帮助新兴社群的这个崛起,并带来社会的改变

華語語系表述中的中國性問題 Chineseness in Sinophone Expressions

中国性?文化中国 不同于共产中国

确实是有这个中中国文化在在身上,但是他们想要给自身寻找一些合法性,因为可能很多就是在西方的人不把他们当中国人,然后在中国的人也不把他当中国人

够不够中国?中国中心 帝国心态

扯淡!

少数民族总是被奇观化,大家会去什么丽江旅游

拿新疆菜举例,都有一些这种回民的聚居区,聚集区,然后都是卖这个烧烤,比如西安就有回民街,广州这个小北就有很多穆斯林,然后包括回民,同胞可能他们能基于很多这种结构性的压迫和排斥,他们能够从事的这个东西只有这个餐饮,没有融入空间

Why do Chinese people always work in restaurants?

华语语系的跨国的流动,也尤其是以影像为主,在60年代以后,就是以港台的这种,还有南洋的这个这个电影,电影里面最广泛接受的就是这个武侠片嘛,武侠片连接出来了对于中国的一种想象

同質化的中國性的問題在什麼地方? What is the problem with homogenized Chineseness?
中國性是一個過於還原化的概念 Chineseness is an overly reductive concept

漢族中心的,忽視和掩蓋了五十六個民族中的其他五十六個民族(主流的特定族群偽裝成全體大眾,與西方對中國和中國人與中國性的簡化概括同謀)/也無法體現離散華人的地方特點/將中國性本質化

誰擁有對於中國性的最終解釋? Who has the final word on Chineseness?

中國中心

離散中國人研究的問題在什麼地方? What is the problem with diasporic Chinese studies?

以中國性為衡量標準

缺乏與其他學科之間的交流

華語語系如何挑戰、質疑了這種本質化的中國性? How has the Sinophone challenged and questioned this reductive Chineseness?

異質化與混雜化

華語語系概念,包含了在中國之外使用各種不同漢語語言(sinitic languages)的各個區域

作為非大都會中心的區域必須使用大都會中心語言

反殖民、反中國霸權

它处于这个中国性的这个边缘,然后但其实同时又跟其他的文化来进行接触

不一定用华语写作 英语、少数民族语言

中文是基础:王德威是认为这是一个最大公约数,连接各个散落在世界各地的这种华语语系社区的。同时也是一个手段和策略,就是说作为这个非大都会中心区域的人,他必须使用这个大都会中心的语言。

你可能也必须得去学习这些殖民者的语言,才有一线生机

但是你在这种言说的过程当中,也并不一定是去认同这个主流,你在这个过程当中有很多的抵抗

華語語系如何通過視覺性作為認同的機制來建立新的認同和論述空間?(地方感性 Sense of place)How can Sinophone systems create new spaces of identity and discourse through visuality as a mechanism of identity?

華語語系立基於地方,是日常生活的實踐於經驗,也是根據地方需求與狀況,而隨之反應與轉變的歷史形構


華語語系的主體性來自於藝術製作與藝術欣賞

作為前景/聚焦者

敘事含義

超越民族身分來處理以作品的地方脈絡和所使用的視覺、聽覺、文本語言



第二部分 馬華文學 作為一種少數文學/小文學的案例 以黃錦樹的論述為例 Malaysian Chinese Literature as a Minor Literature: The Case of Ng Kim Chew

華文/中文:「失語的南方」與語言再造

多元語境中的華文(地域標記)--》馬華文藝獨特性 Sinophone in Diverse Contexts (Geographical Markers) --》 The Uniqueness of Malaysian  Chinese Literature and Arts

華文淪為表音符號

英文外來語

地方方言 土腔 各种语言的混杂

(缺乏这个书面化的经验,一直是被排除在书写系统之外)

境內中文 vs 境外中文 (北方/南方)Chinese within territory vs Chinese outside territory (North / South)

口語化/技術化

(中国内莫言、贾平凹很口语/台湾香港太技术

北方的方言和这个普通话之间的这个转换是比较容易的

南方不可能 骆以军

另一个原因:60年代后台大文学系遭到清洗 无法往现实贴近 有危险

朦胧诗

海外的作家更规整

南方:不仅仅是地理/弱势群体/少数 习得的东西 不是原初的 只能这么写 写论文更容易)

技術性/文化性

對象性/後設性

對話中的語法


言文合一 vs 言文分離


星馬缺乏書面化的經驗,一直被排除在書寫系統之外

北方方言和普通話是同一個系統,口語可以輕易轉化為書面語

南方方言書面化的歷史則十分短暫

北方農民的鄉土語言難以表達城市

失語的南方作為書寫的邊陲所以才需要創造語言

外文語言和語法都可以作為參考對象


中國性與表演性:論馬華文學與文化的限度


最基本的脈絡是中華文化在馬來西亞當地的危機(失去)

教育的

政治的

文化的


華人身分的再確認/中國性作為符號和象徵(空洞性)/自我展演 自我東方化

Chinese New Year and the Lion Dance in the Netherlands as a reaffirmation of Chinese identity / Chineseness as symbol and token ( emptiness ) / Self-performance Self-Orientalisation

在欧洲的中东餐厅,他们也进行自我东方化,但是他们自我东方化是为了跟那些fundamentalism,就是基督那个那个宗教基本教派来进行区隔

是说我们可能只是在文化上是东方的,但是在宗教政治上我们并不认同的一些东西,所以说自我东方化在不同的这个脉络当中,它是是是很多可能是strategy

第三部分 德里達「他者的單語主義」Derrida: monolingualism of the other

德里達發現的問題 Problems identified by Derrida

a lack of proprietary identity or oneness with the language. In what he calls a “logical contradiction” or “performative contradiction” of enunciation (2, 3), he offers this lyrical refrain: “I only have one language; it is not mine” (1); “it will never be mine, this language, the only one I am thus destined to speak, as long as speech is possible for me in life and in death; you see, never will this language be mine. And, truth to tell, it never was”

單語主義 monolingualism

Monolingualism in this instance is less the exclusive sign of imposition by political force or cunning than it is the promise of the singular, a promise that remains open-ended and thus messianic in character: “It is not possible to speak outside this promise . . . that gives a language, the uniqueness of the idiom, but only by promising to give it. There can be no question of getting out of this uniqueness without unity. It is not to be opposed to the other, nor even distinguished from the other. It is the monolanguage of the other. The of signifies not so much property as provenance: language is for the other, coming from the other, the coming of the other” (68, Derrida’s emphasis).34


語言純潔性的迷思


純粹法語 純粹口音 純粹文化 純粹民族國家 純粹法國人


他者就是殖民者 “The other” is the colonizer

“The other” in this instance is, quite straightforwardly, the colonizer, who, operating on the foundation of a repressive sovereignty, demands that the colonized adhere to a single language, against which the colonized is always found to be inferior. Hence Derrida’s uneasy awareness that he probably does not sound completely authentic: “Not everything in my ‘French Algerian’ accent is lost. Its intonation is more apparent in certain ‘pragmatic’ situations (anger or exclamation in familial or familiar surroundings, more often in private than in public, which is a quite reliable criterion for the experience of this strange and precarious distinction)”


殖民主義: colonialism

In his account, cultural difference and inequity are understood as mere deterministic differentiations that, in the end, do not conjure what is the most significant about the legacy of language, including the linguistic order under colonial dictation. To this extent, Derrida reads colonialism as both specific and universal: colonialism is a specific instance of the appropriation of language by the use of force or cunning; at the same time, all practices of language involve such appropriation. Referring to the colonial master, for instance, he writes: “Because lan- guage is not his natural possession, he can, thanks to that very fact, pretend historically, through the rape of a cultural usurpation, which means always essentially colonial, to appropriate it in order to impose it as ‘his own.’ That is his belief; he wishes to make others share it through the use of force or cunning; he wants to make others believe it, as they do a miracle, through rhetoric, the school, or the army” (23).31


補充一點法語歷史

法國皇室 巴黎口音 暴力 教育


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