User:Chen Junyu/Reading Writing Research Methodologies/Protocol & Net Delusion: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 00:27, 27 November 2013

Aims to flesh out the specificity of this third historical wave by focusing on the controlling computer technologies native to it. THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE INTERNET The most extensive “computerized information management” system existing today is the Internet. The Internet is a global distributed computer network. It has its roots in the American academic and military culture of the 1950s and 1960s. ( In response to the Soviet Sputnik lanch and other fears connected to the Cold War)

Baran’s network ----(based on “packet-switching”)---- allows messages to break themselves apart into small fragments. Each fragment,or packet, is able to find its own way to its destination.

In August 1964,Paul Baran of the Rand Corporation published an 11-volume memorandum for the Corporation outlining his research ( to create a computer network that was independent of centralized command and control / be able to withstand a nuclear attack )

In 1969, the Advanced Research Projects Agency started the ARPAnet, the first network to use Baran’s packet-swithcing technology.(only afew hundred participating computers which unnoticed by the outside world ,named “hosts”)

By the late 1970s and early 1980s, personal computers were coming to market and appearing in homes and offices.

By 1984,the network had grown larger. Paul Mockapetris invented a new addressing scheme – the Domain Name System(DNS).

UNIX became the most important computer operating system of 1980s( with the help of BSD)

Protocol--- TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) In the early 1980s, the suit of protocols known as TCP/IP was developed and included with most UNIX servers.

In 1988, the Defense department transferred control of the central “backbone” of the Internet over to the National Science Foundation, who in turn transferredcontrol to commercial telecommunications interests in 1995.

At the core of networked computing is the concept of protocol. A computer protocol is a set of recommendations and rules that outline specific technical standards. The protocols that govern much of the Internet are contained in what are called RFC (Request For Comments) documents. The RFCs are published by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). Now, protocols refer specifically to standards governing the implementation of specific technologies. For usage in computing , protocol referred to any type of correct or proper behavior within a specific system of conventions.

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-'''Foreword'''
-Film <Tron> （american middle-classyouth culture）程序拟人化，和程序员（骇客）的对谈。
+Aims to flesh out the specificity of this third historical wave by focusing on the controlling computer technologies native to it.
-The development of the personal computer,along with computer networks,has had a profound,stratified impact on the way in which social,political,and economic life is experience
+THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE INTERNET
+The most extensive “computerized information management” system existing today is the Internet. The Internet is a global distributed computer network.
+It has its roots in the American academic and military culture of the 1950s and 1960s. ( In response to the Soviet Sputnik lanch and other fears connected to the Cold War)
-Protocol consistently makes a case for a material understanding of technology.
-Code is a set of procedures, actions,
+Baran’s network ----(based on “packet-switching”)---- allows messages to break themselves apart into small fragments. Each fragment,or packet, is able to find its own way to its destination.
-and practices, designed in particular ways to achieve particular ends in
-particular contexts. Code = praxis.
-Protocol puts forth (发表.提出)an invitation, a challenge to us: You have not sufficiently understood power relationships in the control society unless you have understood“how it works” and “who it works for.”
+In August 1964,Paul Baran of the Rand Corporation published an 11-volume memorandum for the Corporation outlining his research ( to create a computer network that was independent of centralized command and control / be able to withstand a nuclear attack )
-The first has to do with how Protocol qualifies networks, the second point has to do with how Protocol understands the technical specs as political, and the last point looks toward possible future directions to be explored in the meeting of info-tech and biotech, info-politics and bio-politics.
+In 1969, the Advanced Research Projects Agency started the ARPAnet, the first network to use Baran’s packet-swithcing technology.(only afew hundred participating computers which unnoticed by the outside world ,named “hosts”)
-.	Networks are real but abstract
+By the late 1970s and early 1980s, personal computers were coming to market and appearing in homes and offices.
-.	Protocol，or political economy
-.	Isomorphic 同构的 Biopolitics 生物政治学
+By 1984,the network had grown larger. Paul Mockapetris invented a new addressing scheme – the Domain Name System(DNS).
+UNIX became the most important computer operating system of 1980s( with the help of BSD)
+Protocol--- TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol)
+In the early 1980s, the suit of protocols known as TCP/IP was developed and included with most UNIX servers.
+In 1988, the Defense department transferred control of the central “backbone” of the Internet over to the National Science Foundation, who in turn transferredcontrol to commercial telecommunications interests in 1995.
+At the core of networked computing is the concept of protocol.
+A computer protocol is a set of recommendations and rules that outline specific technical standards. The protocols that govern much of the Internet are contained in what are called RFC (Request For Comments) documents. The RFCs are published by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF).
+Now, protocols refer specifically to standards governing the implementation of specific technologies. For usage in computing , protocol referred to any type of correct or proper behavior within a specific system of conventions.