User:Angeliki/Grad-thesis

Thesis outline

revision: 16/11/18

4th draft/ ... November

Introduction

In this chapter I will talk about public speech in physical and digital spaces. Since the beginning of the human culture the auditory experiences were important for communication and sharing of knowledge. The sound of voice has a strong impact on the people and the spaces where is projected. It is very related to sharing and participating on real/present time.

The embodied voice [the sound of the voice, the physical presence of the speaker] carries many important elements of the persons that it comes from. Those qualities can’t being transferred so clearly with the visual or writing mediums. I believe that it is worthwhile to keep or being aware of these qualities even now that our communication is mostly mediated. It is worthwhile because it can propose/highlight other ways of publicness that can include the body [representing/communicating ourselves as individuals or communities in public spaces and platforms on ways that are not only driven by state or commercial intentions. In different regions people understand their [vocal] presence in public very differently. For example, small everyday gatherings of gossiping in the squares, loud microphonic demonstrations, self-organised radio podcasts in internet, bottom-up made radio stations]. “The electronic age is also an age of 'secondary orality', the orality of telephones, radio, and television, which depends on writing and print for its existence” (Ong, pg.3).

Background

Topic

Public speech and the parallel presence in digital and physical spaces through the use of bottom-up mediums.

Statement

The public space in its broader sense (online, physical) is an open platform for public speakers. Sound devices and open speech tools can be used as radical tools for spreading the message. What approaches are used by radio artists, hackers and feminists to support the speaker.

Structure of the text

The text can take the form of radio show, song, theatre play, script, python script, structure of phonetic rules (ref: "Speech for the stage"), structure of pocketsphinx (tool for speech recognition), audio book (uploaded in XPPL:)), a feminist manifesto. The purpose is to find other ways to talk about a topic in an academic context. It is my intention the structure of the text to talk also about the topic (ref: Amy's ref).
Documenting my project:
What forms of presentation are appropriate for this practice? I want to build a way for that. My project proposes a range of possibilities and parallel processes (live action, happening at the same time or with delay). "since the arts are grounded in the material structure of society, artists must revolutionize the means by which their work is produced and distributed. One way this can be accomplished is for authors to be involved in publishing"(O'Rourke, pg.xiii)

Body

First topic

In this chapter I will talk about public speech in physical and digital spaces. Since the beginning of the human culture the auditory experiences were important for communication and sharing of knowledge. The sound of voice has a strong impact on the people and the spaces where is projected. It is very related to sharing and participating on real/present time.

Point A: the impact of voice on subjectivities and places

The importance of voice in the creation of an agonistic arena of communication. The engagement of the body and the audience.
The strong impact of voice in awakening the awareness in the present. The oral memorization functions in the present including activities of the body.

Point B: the voice represents its speaker in another time or place. The ‘secondary orality’. “At the same time, with telephone, radio, television and various kinds of sound tape, electronic technology has brought us into the age of 'secondary orality'.” (Ong, pg.13)

The mediation of the voice as detachment of the speaker. “the mediating role of all kinds of media that detach voice from its physical proprietor and enable its circulation in places and contexts in which physical bodies may not have access. (Panopoulos)

Second topic

Mediation- pass my words The technologies/media/tools/practices that relate the embodied and the distant voice enhance the presence of the person carrying it or turns against her/him. The effects of telepresence.

Point A: communication systems as mediums to spread the voice

Parallel or multiple presences in other places. “Radio and television have brought major political figures as public speakers to a larger public than was ever possible before modern electronic developments. Thus in a sense orality has come into its own more than ever before.” (Ong, pg. 135). Describing further with examples of media [radio, telephone, Skype, voice messages] that spread the voice in private or public spheres. Being here now and elsewhere. "Heidegger, in Being and Time and elsewhere,", "To the extent that it always relates us to the absent other, the telephone"(Telephone Book, Ronell)
Deliberating communicative processes through the voice/ activating communal activities. “This new orality has striking resemblances to the old in its participatory mystique, its fostering of a communal sense, its concentration on the present moment, and even its use of formulas (...) But it is essentially a more deliberate and self-conscious orality, based permanently on the use of writing and print, which are essential for the manufacture and operation of the equipment and for its use as well” (Ong. pg.13). Gossiping as a way to establish alternative communication

Point B: Tools receiving voice samples for training machines [personal assistants, speech recognition tools] or gathering data for control policies.

The new era of tools gathering voice samples for developing a mechanised voice [the mechanical ‘other’]. For example, speech recognition software like Siri are trained from real audio samples from people speaking. The samples are parts of telephone conversations, broadcast conversations, microphone talks and other samples in which people offer their voice for training it.
How is the detachment of the voice in that case. What types of publicness/communal activities it creates.
The labor or manipulation of data behind that. Sometimes it is visible and under the principles of open source movement, some other times it is exploited by the companies and the state.

Third topic

The voice is invisible, but can exist in multiple spaces at the same time and can affect them differently. How can we be aware of the process?

Point A: Traces of presence. Action on present/ triggering/activating places. How we realize this mediation of the voice as a way to relate to the estranged places and platforms that have being manipulated by nations and companies [estranged= 1. To make hostile, unsympathetic, or indifferent; 2. To remove from an accustomed place or set of associations].

Point B: examples of practices that relate the voice with the presence of the speaker in a space

Artists that use walking practices and relate it to the voice. Re-establishing facts of one place in another time.
Radio pirates/amateurs and antennas. Reaching the invisible other or being that invisible other. Practices of establishing multiple ways of spreading the voice in different spaces. The activation of those spaces as public forums. Listening to ‘invisible’ subjectivities.
Appropriating personal assistants, speech recognition tools

Conclusion

3d draft/ 9 November

Introduction

The embodied voice [the sound of the voice, the physical presence of the speaker] carries many important elements of the persons that it comes from. Those qualities can’t being transferred so clearly with the visual or writing mediums. I believe that it is worthwhile to keep or being aware of these qualities even now that our communication is mostly mediated. It is worthwhile because it can propose/highlight other ways of publicness that can include the body [representing/communicating ourselves as individuals or communities in public spaces and platforms on ways that are not only driven by state or commercial intentions. In different regions people understand their [vocal] presence in public very differently. For example, small everyday gatherings of gossiping in the squares, loud microphonic demonstrations, self-organised radio podcasts in internet, bottom-up made radio stations]. “The electronic age is also an age of 'secondary orality', the orality of telephones, radio, and television, which depends on writing and print for its existence” (Ong, pg.3).

Background

Topic

The detachment of the voice from the speaker while being mediated in spaces and platforms.

Statement

The embodied voice is being appropriated/mediated by communication systems [radio, telephone, whatsapp, skype] and tools [speech analysis, speech recognition] many times for commercial and state purposes. By embodied I mean the condition of the body/person and not only the communicative elements of the language. Through this process of mediation, elements of the voice and the person [identity, nationality, gender, bodied gestures and processes] are lost or distorted and this can affect decisions regarding that body/person [for example, speech analysis software is checking the voice of refugees to verify claims of their origin and many times can get wrong]. What is lost from this disembodiment/detachment and what can be traced by the situation/body of that person? How can we be aware of that? What practices can awaken that awareness?

Structure of the text

The text can take the form of radio show, song, theatre play, script, python script, structure of phonetic rules (ref: "Speech for the stage"), structure of pocketsphinx (tool for speech recognition), audio book (uploaded in XPPL:)), a feminist manifesto. The purpose is to find other ways to talk about a topic in an academic context. It is my intention the structure of the text to talk also about the topic (ref: Amy's ref).
Documenting my project:
What forms of presentation are appropriate for this practice? I want to build a way for that. My project proposes a range of possibilities and parallel processes (live action, happening at the same time or with delay). "since the arts are grounded in the material structure of society, artists must revolutionize the means by which their work is produced and distributed. One way this can be accomplished is for authors to be involved in publishing"(O'Rourke, pg.xiii)

Body

First topic

Since the beginning of the human culture the auditory experiences were important for communication and sharing of knowledge. The sound of voice has a strong impact on the people and the spaces where is projected. It is very related to sharing and participating on real/present time.

Point A: the impact of voice on subjectivities and places

The importance of voice in the creation of an agonistic arena of communication. The engagement of the body and the audience.
The strong impact of voice in awakening the awareness in the present. The oral memorization functions in the present including activities of the body.

Point B: the voice represents its speaker in another time or place. The ‘secondary orality’. “At the same time, with telephone, radio, television and various kinds of sound tape, electronic technology has brought us into the age of 'secondary orality'.” (Ong, pg.13)

The mediation of the voice as detachment of the speaker. “the mediating role of all kinds of media that detach voice from its physical proprietor and enable its circulation in places and contexts in which physical bodies may not have access. (Panopoulos)

Second topic

The technologies/media/tools/practices that relate the embodied and the distant voice enhance the presence of the person carrying it or turns against her/him. The effects of telepresence.

Point A: communication systems as mediums to spread the voice

Parallel or multiple presences in other places. “Radio and television have brought major political figures as public speakers to a larger public than was ever possible before modern electronic developments. Thus in a sense orality has come into its own more than ever before.” (Ong, pg. 135). Describing further with examples of media [radio, telephone, Skype, voice messages] that spread the voice in private or public spheres. Being here now and elsewhere. "Heidegger, in Being and Time and elsewhere,", "To the extent that it always relates us to the absent other, the telephone"(Telephone Book, Ronell)
Deliberating communicative processes through the voice/ activating communal activities. “This new orality has striking resemblances to the old in its participatory mystique, its fostering of a communal sense, its concentration on the present moment, and even its use of formulas (...) But it is essentially a more deliberate and self-conscious orality, based permanently on the use of writing and print, which are essential for the manufacture and operation of the equipment and for its use as well” (Ong. pg.13). Gossiping as a way to establish alternative communication

Point B: Tools receiving voice samples for training machines [personal assistants, speech recognition tools] or gathering data for control policies.

The new era of tools gathering voice samples for developing a mechanised voice [the mechanical ‘other’]. For example, speech recognition software like Siri are trained from real audio samples from people speaking. The samples are parts of telephone conversations, broadcast conversations, microphone talks and other samples in which people offer their voice for training it.
How is the detachment of the voice in that case. What types of publicness/communal activities it creates.
The labor or manipulation of data behind that. Sometimes it is visible and under the principles of open source movement, some other times it is exploited by the companies and the state.

Third topic

The voice is invisible, but can exist in multiple spaces at the same time and can affect them differently. How can we be aware of the process?

Point A: Traces of presence. Action on present/ triggering/activating places. How we realize this mediation of the voice as a way to relate to the estranged places and platforms that have being manipulated by nations and companies [estranged= 1. To make hostile, unsympathetic, or indifferent; 2. To remove from an accustomed place or set of associations].

Point B: examples of practices that relate the voice with the presence of the speaker in a space

Artists that use walking practices and relate it to the voice. Re-establishing facts of one place in another time.
Radio pirates/amateurs and antennas. Reaching the invisible other or being that invisible other. Practices of establishing multiple ways of spreading the voice in different spaces. The activation of those spaces as public forums. Listening to ‘invisible’ subjectivities.
Appropriating personal assistants, speech recognition tools

Conclusion

2nd draft/ 1 November

A tactical voice

Introduction

My initial motivation to start this project was the (gender,educational,cultural) exclusion, that I have felt, in communication platforms like radio because of the exclusion in the technical knowledge of them. "The radio activists presented the work of soldering a transmitter, tuning an antenna, and producing a news program or governing a radio station to be accessible to all. Nevertheless, they were conscious of patterned gaps in their organization and volunteer base: men were more likely than women to know how to build electronics, to be excited by tinkering, and to have the know-how to teach neophytes.This troubled the activists"(Dunbar-Hester, pg. 53-54). Another reason is my experience in a previous project I had regarding what voice/speech triggers in public spaces and the power of the invisible soundscapes to create borders and social spheres. Can we realise the impact of our voice by appropriating those mediums in a way that follows up the "situation"/position (cultural, political) of a person? How embedded is the voice into those spheres? How it can become present and what (spatial, social,political) qualities can create?

Background

The voice is part of the speech that since the roots of our writing culture, heading back to oral cultures, has been an important element of the establishment of communication and the creation of political spheres and common spaces. Speech acts are some of the first actions of making decisions collectively through the embodied presence of the individual or groups. In our days often the speech in public takes the form of something big, like demonstrations and state announcements, being spread through a network technology, like radio and social media, or through the amplification of the sound in a public space. At the same time it can take the form of something small, like gossiping or private conversations, being spread again through platforms like radio in low frequencies (also video calls, phone calls, voice messages in a private space spread through networks), or in public/private space in small range and with the physical presence.
The freedom of voice to be spread throughout all those platforms and spaces isn't given though. The strict restrictions and rules on airwaves is an example of this fact. It is very often that we forget to see our voice as a way to communicate and discuss collectively because of the technical difficulties of the audio to travel, the airwave restrictions, the surveillance and censorship and the constant use of writing in internet, mobile phones and other. But voice carries more things than the message, as Ong says. It carries our cultural, gender and bodily characteristics and gestures. The sound of voice isn't about only the message.
The voice can have a broader meaning. It can be the voice of the machine, the mechanized voice of the humans ('fake' computer generated voice), the mediated voice, the human voice, the sounds of the body. Talking about the control over voice, one can't dismiss the speech recognition technology that have being developed for AI, surveillance, other commercial or state purposes. How can this technology being used for the sake of the redefinition/appropriation/reclaiming of the voice in the creation of common/communication spaces?
Radio has been one of the main mediums for "Radio has faced recurrent debates over its meaning and use, making it especially rich territory for understanding the social shaping of technology over time." (Dunbar-Hester, pg. 129-130)

Statement

The embodied [being aware of the condition of the body and not to privilege simply the communicative elements of the language] voice being appropriated by communication systems [Radio, telephone, whatsap, skype] and tools for commercial and state purposes [AI speech analysis software, speech recognition software and radio, which is used in state and military purposes] can be reclaimed and reused for the purpose of proposing different types of publicness [every region understands differently how the voice relates to place = this could be the microphonic demonstrations; in small peoples gatherings in [private spheres] the occupy movement; a public speaker would talk about the topic and many people would repeat the same thing and transfer it through the space; this is also the case on Africaplatz where information is relayed (because the use of technology is illegal)] in space and platforms. Being aware of the impact of the voice and its relation to the technologies that appropriate it can bring discussions that contest the tools and platforms that carry it.

What is the impact of the voice in public spaces and platforms?
What is the impact of the embodied voice in public spaces and voice_based systems and platforms?

The impact of reading and narrating

The voice being present in public and the cyber and electromagnetic spectrum/speech recognition software
How the voice and speech give presence to the public/ The impact of voice in the public
The voice and the speech can become elements of appropriating the public

The embodied voice and the speech passing through networks and spaces can become elements of claiming/appropriating our presence in the public

The multiple identity/personas and parallel presence of the voice

How the voice occupies the public space.
The occupation of public spaces through the voice.
Voice_based communication platforms as radical tools of redefining the public space.

Public speech and the electromagnetic spectrum.
Reclaiming the radio/ seeing it from other perspectives/not just a medium of technology or amateurism. Aspects of artists reusing it and opening up its full potential
How communication platforms like radio electromagnetic spectrum raise questions on limited and restricted public spaces.

Structure of the text

The text can take the form of radio show, song, theatre play, script, python script, structure of phonetic rules (ref: "Speech for the stage"), structure of pocketsphinx(tool for speech recognition), audio book (uploaded in XPPL:)), a feminist manifesto. The purpose is to find other ways to talk about a topic in an academic context. It is my intention the structure of the text to talk also about the topic (ref: Amy's ref).

Body

speech/voice/phonetics

First topic: The voice has a strong impact on the creation of common spaces. Sometimes that is consciously embedded in the behaviour of the people but many times the voice is controlled, isolated and used for the shake of commercial aims or the "public good". But how can we consciously use the voice as a medium for creating our own (common) soundscapes and being circulated, acting politically in all these spheres. (How the voice was used and how it is used?)

Point A: New technologies, commercial and state manipulation over voice or exclusion of it

Control over voice (ref: articles of Gizmodo): when the voice and speech data become material for control by using speech recognition. state terrorism/ the power structure and control over the voice: speech recognition tools and the use of the voice as a commercial tool
Restrictions/exclusions of radio pirates or music and songs outside of store/ exclusion of voices in public space (dutch law for speaker)
Software for speech. The manipulation oh human voice for commercial and state purposes.

Point B: The voice gives presence.

How voices of the voiceless becomes present in counter- communication platforms and spaces. Radio communities, micro phonic demonstrations, occupy movements. Amplify the voice./The voice circulated in communication platforms
The need for embodied presence (ref:"Orality and literacy"). Speech acts. Voice not only as words.
Speech recognition art examples

Point C: The voice creates commons.

The practice of gossiping (ref: text of Amy, "practices of everyday life"), phonetics, use of the voice from women as a way to create their own commons.
Orality and literacy (technology and oral cultures)

Systems of transfer/Tools of communication in general in relation to voice- Control and power/ Invisible frequencies and how to manipulate/use them (radio and speech recognition)

Second topic: Radio/antennas are part of an invisible infrastructure that surrounds us based on voice and sound. The knowledge on its existence and technology can give an insight on how to understand our surroundings and create commons.

Point A: Spreading the technology of radio and antennas: an approach of reclaiming the airwaves

Restrictions and rules over airwaves more generally--including spatial perspectives of radio.
Radio stations and radio art: ways to appropriate physical space and electromagnetic spectrum (ref:"Take it to the air"). Re-claiming a military/state/commercial/functional directed tool.
The technology of radio/frequency/antennas. The knowledge of the technology of it (exclusion-inclusion). Documentation of making antennas

Point B: Listening, scanning throughout frequencies (and other sources) and understanding my surroundings.

Scanning through weird sounds, broadcasters, official frequencies. Documentation of scanning (sounds and text). Mapping the frequencies through 'live' speech recognition.

Point C: Radio as a voice communication platform.

Radio amateurs, artists, pirate radios. Documentation of interviews with pirates. Using it from a different perspective. Radio amateurs-> gendered space. Communication platform of transeiving (Receiving and transmitting as one act/structural coupling. ref:"radio in the chiasme, Tetsuo Kogawa"). The voice being spread as a frequency.

leave a trace: politics of presence

Third topic: The voice is invisible, but can exist in multiple spaces at the same time. It can be physical or digital/"parallelial"

Point A: The spatial perspectives of sound and voice/the physical dimensions of it./Radio and voice in space: Being present in the space and radio at the same time. Multiple voices (presence and absence).

Combination of voice and radio (two previous): Public space and pirate radios.
The parallel presence of it. Presence means also absence, means also receiving and listening. Akio Suzuki

Point B: Walking (ref:"Walking and mapping"), mapping, tracing, tracking, listening, murmuring(the thickening of space through the invisible, audible). The private soundscapes created by it.

Streaming
Being here now and elsewhere. "Heidegger, in Being and Time and elsewhere,", "To the extent that it always relates us to the absent other, the telephone"(Telephone Book, Ronell)

Conclusion

The transition of the voice

1st draft/18 October

Introduction

Background

The voice is part of the speech that since the roots of our writing culture, heading back to oral cultures, has been an important element of the establishment of communication and the creation of political spheres and common spaces. Speech acts are some of the first actions of making decisions collectively through the embodied presence of the individual or groups. Often the speech in public takes the form of something big, like demonstrations and state announcements, being spread through a network technology, like radio and social media, or through the amplification of the sound in a public space. At the same time it can take the form of something small, like gossiping or private conversations, being spread again through platforms like radio in low frequencies, or in public/private space in small range and with the physical presence. [Lotte:is this always with pyshical presence, for example phone calls or video calls can be done from their own space?]
The freedom of voice to be spread throughout all those platforms and spaces isn't given though. The strict restrictions and rules on airwaves is an example of this fact. It is very often that we forget to use our voice as a way to communicate because of the technical difficulties of the audio to travel, the airwave restrictions and the constant use of writing in internet, mobile phones and other. But voice carries more things than the message, as Ong says. It carries our cultural, gender and bodily characteristics and gestures. The sound of voice isn't about only the message.
The voice can have a broader meaning. It can be the voice of the machine, the mechanized voice of the humans, the mediated voice, the human voice, the sounds of the body. Talking about the control over voice, one can't dismiss the speech recognition technology that have being developed for AI, surveillance, other commercial or state purposes. [Lotte:How about using the 'fake' computer generated voice etc.?] How can this technology being used for the sake of the reposition of the voice in the creation of common/communication spaces? [Lotte:Is this going back to your experiments again? What does resposition mean ins this context?]

Statement

The voice being present in public and the
The impact of reading and narrating
Reclaiming the radio/ seeing it from other perspectives/not just a medium of technology or amateurism. Aspects of artists reusing it and opening up its full potential
How the voice occupies the public space. [Lotte: I think the one under this line is maybe more relevant / has more content?]
The occupation of public spaces through the voice.
Voice_based communication platforms as radical tools of redefining the public space. [Lotte: Also this one feels very similar, almost like its getting more defined :) ]
Public speech and the electromagnetic spectrum.
How communication platforms like radio electromagnetic spectrum raise questions on limited and restricted public spaces.
How the voice and speech give presence to the public.

Structure of the text

The text can take the form of radio show, song, theatre play, script, python script, structure of phonetic rules (ref: "Speech for the stage"), structure of pocketsphinx. The purpose is to find other ways to talk about a topic in an academic context. It is my intention the structure of the text to talk also about the topic. [ I LIKE THIS ]

Motivation

(Gender) exclusion in communication platforms like radio because of the exclusion in the technical knowledge of them. Redefining those mediums by appropriate them in a way that follows up the "situation"/position (cultural, political) of that person. [ Lotte: This already feels more spefic, maybe also use this in the background ? Very clear reason etc, maybe the rest should derive from that? ]

Body

Invisible frequencies and how to manipulate/use them

First topic: Radio/antennas are part of an invisible infrastructure that surrounds us. The knowledge on its existence and technology can give an insight on how to understand our surroundings and create commons.
Point A: Spreading the technology of radio and antennas: an approach of reclaiming the airwaves

Restrictions and rules over airwaves.
Radio stations and radio art: ways to appropriate physical space and electromagnetic spectrum (ref:"Take it to the air"). Re-claiming a military/state/commercial/functional directed tool.
The technology of radio/frequency/antennas. The knowledge of the technology of it (exclusion-inclusion). Documentation of making antennas

Point B: Listening, scanning throughout frequencies (and other sources) and understanding my surroundings.

Scanning through weird sounds, broadcasters, official frequencies. Documentation of scanning (sounds and text). Mapping the frequencies through 'live' speech recognition.

Point C: Radio as a voice communication platform.

Radio amateurs, artists, pirate radios. Documentation of interviews with pirates. Using it from a different perspective. Radio amateurs-> gendered space. Communication platform of transeiving (Receiving and transmitting as one act/structural coupling). The voice being spread as a frequency.

speech/voice/phonetics

Second topic: The voice has a strong impact on the creation of common spaces. Sometimes that is consciously embedded in the behaviour of the people but many times the voice is controlled, isolated and used for the shake of commercial aims or the "public good". But how can we consciously use the voice as a medium for creating our own (common) soundscapes and being circulated, acting politically in all these spheres.
Point A: The voice gives presence.

How voices of the voiceless becomes present in counter- communication platforms. Radio communities, micro phonic demonstrations, occupy movements. Amplify the voice.
The need for embodied presence (ref:"Orality and literacy"). Speech acts. Voice not only as words.

Point B: New technologies, commercial and state manipulation over voice or exclusion of it

Control over voice (ref: articles of Gizmodo): when the voice and speech data become material for control by using speech recognition.
Restrictions/exclusions of radio or music and songs outside of stores
Software for speech. The manipulation oh human voice for commercial and state purposes.

Point C: The voice creates commons.

The practice of gossiping (ref: text of Amy, "practices of everyday life"), phonetics, use of the voice from women as a way to create their own commons.
The voice circulated in communication platforms
Orality and literacy (technology and oral cultures)

leave a trace: politics of presence

Third topic: The voice is invisible, but can exist in multiple spaces at the same time. It can be physical or digital
Point A: The spatial perspectives of sound and voice/the physical dimensions of it. Point B: Radio and voice in space: Being present in the space and radio at the same time. Multiple voices (presence and absence).

Combination of voice and radio (two previous): Public space and pirate radios.
The parallel presence of it. Presence means also absence, means also receiving and listening. Akio Suzuki

Point C: Walking (ref:"Walking and mapping"), mapping, tracing, tracking, listening, murmuring. The private soundscapes created by it.

[ Lotte: Why not use speech first in body ? For me that's a more logical structure. Like you said in your introduction; first there was voice. Also i feel like some thing might be a bit overlapping?]

Conclusion

Revisions:
14/10/2018

Chapter 1

Introduction
In this chapter I will elaborate on the right on public speech and media practice of transcribing and live streaming that facilitate it. Since the beginning of the human culture the auditory experiences were important for communication and sharing of knowledge. The sound of voice has a strong impact on the people and the spaces where is projected. It is very related to sharing and participating on real/present time.

essay 1- voice in public The freedom of speech in public is a common right among most of the democratized countries. Though social, cultural and political restrictions are clamming up groups of people. One example is strategies of the state on surveil citizens through cameras and police when organising public assemblies or public speeches. Also, social hierarchies that excludes women from the public spheres and the division between private and public sectors allow the privitization of dominated voices. There is an urgency for use of voice and speech as important mediums of presence and resistance. We can see that in the occupy movements and the demonstrations against measures of austerity. Today our voices are mostly mediated through different communication platforms and our presence is not always necessary but these technologies are fascilitating a public speech to be spread and being present in the public.

point A: the importance of voice and body in the public According to Hanna Arendt the speech becomes possible with the existence of a group of people (public assemblies) and it is a civilized way to respond to violence. Suffragettes' speech-making workshops was a way to provide women with tools “with which to take their concerns out into the public domain” (Rose Gibbs, 2016). They focused on the voice because there is a uniqueness in it, that embodies the speaker and doesn’t apply to the abstract and bodiless universality of western thought. Even more, the voice through speech (songs, protest) connects one another in a group and at the same time keeps the individuality of the speaker. In contrast to mainstream political spheres the feminists, like anarchists, were looking for horizontal ways of communication were no voice was dominating over others. The speeches of African American women, in the first part of 19th century, were very intense as they were tolerating a lot of violence because of their gender and nationality. The brave speech of Sojourner Truth, "Ain't I a Woman?" was one of the first speech acts of women in public of that time. She made that speech after gaining her freedom and she became well-known anti-slavery speaker. I will elaborate on that speech later.

The philosophical western thought, based on Greek philosophers, supports the division between private and public domain. In the public space everybody should be civilized and resolve conflicts through dialogue but the inside of private spaces is ruled by a domestic power where violence is permitted. For feminists the speech in public is externalizing the personal violence and suppression of women. This separation has reached to a point were men are the main operators of politics in the public space. But the division is also between politicians and citizens, natives and immigrants. Alternative ways of communication hidden in the private domains have been created in response to that. Gossip, for example, "provides subordinated classes with a mode of communication beyond an official public culture from which they are excluded" (The Gossip, 2017, p.61). It is more an attempt to claim and exchange knowledge when there is no platform for them.

Saskia Sassen (2012, p.) observes that in the cities today a big mix of people coexist. The ones who lack power can make themselves present through face to face communication. According to her this condition reveals another type of politics and political actors, based on hybrid contexts of acting and outside of the formal system. The urban space hosts several political activities like squatting, demonstrations, politics of culture and identity that are visible on the street and non dependent on massive media technologies. This brings the conversation to the Speaker's Corner, "the home of free speech, where anyone can get on their soapbox and make their voice heard" (Coomes, 2015). This practice was very crucial in Occupy Movement*. Anyone could be a speaker and be heard by the people surouding her/him. From my point of view, the Occupy Movements revealed a lot about the relation of people and technology and the presence and resistance in public. In the Occupy Wall Street, amplified sound devices, like microphone and megaphone, were not permitted in the city and the crowd could bot listen clearly to the speaker*. But "when the technologies above them are removed somehow, the foundational elements remain embedded and embodied in our cyborg bodies and brains" (Pages, 2011). The participants of #occupy used the 'human microphone', as they call it. This means that the crowd would repeat the words of the speaker for the benefit of those located in the rear. There the voice played an important role in the spreading of the speech to the farest points of the public space. "Even given that many of the participants of #occupy are in full possession of smartphones, verbal address to the crowd from a singular source is still important" (Pages, 2011). This is an intersting fact of the public space of today. Even though many new technologies exist the public space seems to exist in a more primitive face to face communication and bodily expression.

point B: restrictions and surveillance in european countries on public assemblies. This restriction of use of technology to the public for amplification of speech is not the only one that prevents people from creating public assemblies. It's somehow controversial when the citizens have to ask for the use of technology in public spaces but the states install surveillance devices in the streets and squares and gather data of them without their concent. I looked for what is happening in the countries I have lived in or surround me and I found several restrictions regarding public assemblies. In Rotterdam, in a specific area where a market of immigrants is being held, there is a ban on public assembly: "In problem areas, the Local Ordinance (Algemene Plaatselijke Verordening) allows municipalities to proclaim a ban on public assembly. Originating from the 2000 European Football Championships held in Rotterdam, it continues to be in effect on the Afrikaandermarkt. Although previously legitimated by anti-hooliganism, it is now enforced due to anti-terrorist concerns" (Free House, no date). Besides local bans on the name of 'public good', in some cases surveillance with several technologies and devices is applied. The installation of these devices in the public space conflicts with the constitution. Examples of such technologies and practices that surveil public assemblies are the operation of CCTV cameras and the collection of personal data through videotaping and photogtaphing. In the case of UK the state use "visible, overt police surveillance tactics in the context of political assemblies" (Aston, 2017, p. 1) on a way that tresspass the privacy rights of the protesters. Similrly in Greece, the "electronic surveillance of public assemblies has been a controversial topic in the Greek public arena, particularly during the parliamentary discussion of Law 3625/2007. This Law exempted all police activities involving data processing during public assemblies from their obligation to protect the fundamental principles deriving from the rights to privacy and data protection" (Anthopoulos, 2011, p. 59).

conclusion The constitutions allow the right for free speech and public assemblies. But surveillant tactics from the state through police, data practices and media technologies affect the presence and the development of free political spheres in public spaces. The oral communication becomes important for resistance and presence in the cities of today. The crowd becomes the medium that spread the message to the square in the Occupy Movement.

essay2- public speeches with the aid of media - its potentials- expansion of public spaces streaming/transcribing the speaker and the assemply The use of communication technologies and social media in movements and public speeches has contributed to their preservasion and their distribution. According to Sassen (2012, p.) in movements like #occupy these technologies were intensively discussed concerning their unrealised potentials. There is a confusion between the logic of the technology designed by the engineers and the ones of the user. Facebook for example is used for spreading the word of very diverse collective events even if they have different aims and ideologies, but they focus in communicating rapidly something. She proposes to see this “electronic interactive domain” as a part of the larger ecologies beyond its technicality and redefine them more conceptually. “Radio and television have brought major political figures as public speakers to a larger public than was ever possible before modern electronic developments. Thus in a sense orality has come into its own more than ever before.” (Ong, p. 135). While a public speech can be "amplified" online, the use of any sound amplification equipment in the physical space (squares, streets) is not always permitted. That makes the public space a primitive space for oral communication.

Point A: live streaming as a rabid and urgent communication of public moments In a contemporary context public speeches are happening in both physical and digital spaces with the help of several media like internet (podcasts and live streaming) and radio (community radios). In the diverse media landscape individuals or groups can easily form and communicate speeches happening in a physical space by themselves without being dependent on a newspaper, publisher or state. In the occupy movements known and unknown public speakers would spread their message to an audience by standing in a public square. This action followed the principles of the Speaker's Corner. "Speakers’ Corner symbolises the kind of forum for debate sought for today’s post-industrial, highly mediated cities, encouraging face-to-face interaction and real-life conversation, albeit arranged by people texting each other, recorded by shooting and uploading video on YouTube, reported on twitter or documented on face book" (Speakers Corner Trust, no date). What I find interesting is that those people because of their multilayered relation to technology are able to spread the words and make them viral in internet. This process is also a way to archive and make public bottom-up initiatives in public spaces. At the same time there is a temporarity in this action as platforms in internet are constantly changing or disappearing. So, the events and speeches are appearing in fragments of videos, transcriptions, conversations in forums. It is more like the users, protesters are leaving traces online. As it can be seen from the Youtube videos of the Occupy Movements the crowd is using a lot of media technologies, like their smartphones, to record or stream the words of the public speakers. "Celebrities, politicians and organizers of events (...) soon discovered that streaming services offered by Ustream and the other leading start-up provider, Livestream, could help expand their audience online. Now, the huge amount of user-generated live video produced by the Occupy Wall Street movement has delivered what could be a watershed moment for these companies, potentially helping them gain the audience needed to become viable businesses" (Preston, 2011). But other businesses found live streaming successful after that, like Facebook, Youtube, Instagram and users distribute easily live videos from terrorist attacks or demonstrations.

Point B: Trascription as a witnessing object The act of transcribing have been used as an evidence and archive of a public moment of a speaker.Today automated speech recognition tools are also used for transcribing speeches and conversations with the purpose to establish the distribution of the message of the speaker. What is the importance of this practice for the speaker and the public which refers to?

Transcribing is a way to keep record of speeches. Sometimes these records work as evidence of a live public moment of the speaker and become points of contention. In 1851, even before the invention of sound recorders, the political speech of Sojourner Truth 'Ain't I a Woman' was transcribed by Marius Robinson (U.S. National Park Service, 2017) and published in the Anti-Slavery bugle. Twelve years later Frances Gage made another version, not accurate, with distorted parts and in a slave accent. The last trascription, that was published in the New York Indepedent and became famous, was manilulated and altered the speech of Sojourner giving another impression of it to the public. This written material was an important fact and medium of her speech and the distortion of it had effected the public opinion.

Transcritpion has been being a witnessing object of interrogating the position of a political leader. Private conversation or speeches of political leaders have been leaked out to the public in the past revealing secrets of politicians to the citizens. Hacking tactics have been used as a response to that proposing ways of eavesdropping back to the powerful. Such transcriptions have leaked out to the public without the consent of them. WikiLeaks is an online database of official materials involving war, spying and corruption. In 2016 somebody released Hillary Clinton's closed-door paid speech transcripts through WikiLeaks. The transcripts became a big subject of contention and strarting a conversation between politicians during elections time. Another example comes from 70s when a dialogue of President Richard Nixon with his cancellors revealing a conspirancy leaked out to the public. Their telephones were bugged. The transcripts of their conversation are called the Watergate tapes and are "the most famous and extensive transcripts of real-speech ever published" (Pinker, 1995, p. 222). In this case the transcript was not only an evidense of the bad intentions of a political leader but also an document that shows how a speech is written down verbatim, making Nixon look like an everyday person.

In the first example a black woman who was a slave followed the antislavery and women rights movements made a speech that in that time its distribution was dependent on big names. Today the speech of the weak is more easily distributed by the public because of the variety of mediums. In a youtube video of Angela Davis giving a speech about general strike in Occupy Wall Street the auto subtitles of youtube assist the viewer to watch the speech in a more complete form. The transcription is happening from an automated engine and has the format of subtitles, which means that includes the time frames of the video. That gives another dimension to the speech held in a physical space. At the same time a version of human transcription is made and is added as a note in the youtube page. It was written in Pastebin a platform that provide fast documentation for plain text. It can exist independently from the video open to everyone, having the possibility of being used in the future for any reason. This collaboration of the different formats and mediums of spreading the speech is making the message more powerful for a bottom-up approach.

Notes:

   * It is an international movement since 2011 for social and economic justice and new forms of democracy with meetings in public spaces 
   * "In NYC, a sound permit is required in order to use these devices in public, and the police may, or may not grant the permit" (NewYorkRawVideos, 2011, note)

Bibliography:

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