Lev Manovich - Database as Symbolic Form
Go baby go go!
The Semiotics of Database
- Comparison of the dynamics that exist between database and narrative with the ones between structure of a digital image and the languages of contemporary visual culture.
- Layers / Montage
- modernist-MTV-montage (natural outcome of compositing) versus photorealism. Why is photorealism still relevant?
- Redistribution of forces
- Syntagm(in praesentia) versus paradigm(in absentia)
- In cinema narrative is syntagmatic, while database of choices is pradigmatic | New media invert the order
- Database becomes explicit, narrative implicit (Examples: softwares' projects, interfaces' menus)
- (Cultural) shift from creation to selection
- Even if paradigm becomes manifest, syntagmatic experience is still default (screen after screen). Why?
- Manovich argues: new media follow the semiological order of cinema.
- Cinema / assembly line / sequentiality {what's about the relationship to the book? spatiality, molteplicity}
- When new media work simply as an interface to info, not afraid of molteplicity.
A Database Complex
Manovich says that the form of the database is not always intrinsic to modern storage media which is an assumption one could make on behalf of the storage part. He calls cinema the prime exception, because here the storage media supports the narrative imagination. He quotes Christian Metz who sees all films as belonging to the same genre, , as he calls it, 'super-genre', because they all share the same characteristic of being narrative. The use of narrative can, in this case, be understood either very practical as in 'telling a story' or rather abstract, as an automatic process creating an imaginary narrative that the viewer is drawn to by being shown sequences of images.
Rather than looking for the reasons for either narrative form or database form in the media itself or its uses he tries to tie them to greater concepts, transcending the realm of media. He sees the origins to these concepts evolve throughout history and explains them as two (binary) competing ways of imagination. So now that he has established that the ideas of database and narrative have been around for as long as the conscious mind, he tries to show how every new emerging form of medium was always more in the favor of one than the other. For Example: Photgraphy - Database, Novel - Narrative, Cinema - Narrative, Internet - Database. But neither of them could ever be totally free of the other. He, nevertheless, acknowledges that the computer's logic turned, at least in many aspects, into the logic of culture at large, and therefore he says, that the database form is, if not to storage media, at least inherent to new media just as narrative form is to cinema.
Database Cinema: Greenaway and Vertov
In this chapter Manovich poses the question of how a narrative can be developed that takes into account that its elements are stored in a database. This is common practice, even when cutting film nowadays the clips are stored in a database, and are then selected and put into order to form one of many possible narratives out of the database. Since this act is already dealing with the databse-narrative problem he lists Peter Greenaway and Dziga Vertov (Man with a movie camera) as one of the few filmmakers who do this conciously. They both try to stay away from the classic narrative form of cinema and produce films that rather resemble catalogs of clips than stories. In Greenaways films the order of these clips is often random. In this random order he introduces a kind of pseudo-narrative by using a number as identifier for each shot , as the film progresses these numbers rise continously. About 'Man with a movie camera' he says that it is like a catalog of common special effects in film that can in their entirety be used to decode/discover the world. "This process of discovery is film's main narrative and it is told through a catalog of discoveries being made.Thus, in the hands of Vertov, a database, this normally static and'objective' form, becomes dynamic and subjective." He merges database and narrative into a new form.