Methods 2nd trimester

2nd Trimester

Noise cancelling devices with kamo, chae and erica

https://pad.xpub.nl/p/noice_cancelling_devices_turns_off_also_your_inner

From pad

NOISE CANCELLING MAGIC https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YNK4Wc3-Ij4 (Noise Cancelling Heaphones Experiment)

BACKGROUND

"세상에 혼자 있는 기분"이라거나 "우주 공간으로 날아간 기분" -> Feel like I am alone in this world / Feels like over the moon-in the space Review of Noise cancelling headphones

In Seoul, the city is super noisy and very crowded. You are constantly surrounded by all the mass/mess. So by having a noise-cancelling headphone, it allows you to make a personal space. Having a personal space was not a key concept in conventional history. For example, the door knob/ door is a very Western concept. By closing a door meaning having a private space.

private space as privilege -> maybe even the most privileged ppl in back in the days, did not have personal spaces... idk(need more research)

I think this shows the recent tendency of ppl feeling tired of life, constantly surrounded by unwanted stimuli.

"How people are using noise cancelling to settle in the silence and revel in the sounds." Real stories of people tuning in or out to feel peace, find escape, and for self-care.

"Work from home like a boss" BOSE Website: https://www.bose.com/en_us/products/headphones/noise_cancelling_headphones.html

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how can we distinguish the material functioning from the ideological functioning? see also "perfomative materiality and theoretical approach to interfaces" by Johanna Drucker

ANC(Active Noise Control): Active noise control (ANC), also known as noise cancellation (NC), or active noise reduction (ANR), is a method for reducing unwanted sound by the addition of a second sound specifically designed to cancel the first. The concept was first developed in the late 1930s; later developmental work that began in the 1950s eventually resulted in commercial airline headsets with the technology becoming available in the late 1980s. The technology is also used in road vehicle and in mobile telephones.

noise-cancelling headphones: Noise-cancelling headphones are headphones that reduce unwanted ambient sounds using active noise control. This is distinct from passive headphones which, if they reduce ambient sounds at all, use techniques such as soundproofing. (wiki)

how does it work? A microphone captures the targeted ambient sounds, and a small amplifier generates sound waves that are exactly out of phase with the undesired sounds. When the sound pressure of the noise wave is high, the cancelling wave is low (and vice versa). The opposite sound waves collide and are eliminated or "cancelled". (wiki) what are the premises for its functioning and for its development?

the noise reduction probably started from the desire to record sound to achieve the most accurate copy of the “original”.

"Throughout the history of sound reproduction, efforts to prevent, reduce, or eliminate all of the noise and distortion produced by sound media were a major concern for inventors, engineers, and developers; and the myth of perfect fidelity, based on the ideal of the vanishing mediator, retained a strong appeal. From the standpoint of noise reduction practices, noise and distortion are inherently negative and disruptive. As the conceptual genealogy provided in the previous chapter makes clear, however, the fight against noise and distortion ultimately amounts to an interminable game of cat and mouse. First come innovations in sound definition. It then emerges, however, that the new technologies affect the sounds they reproduce, often in unforeseen ways, which in turn demand new measures for preventing, reducing, or otherwise eliminating these effects." ---------> at some point when engineers try to clean a certain sound from the noise they end up altering the sound. Because 🤯 noise is fundamental to the sound. 🤯

"Everyone who is serious about music should buy a pair of noise cancelling headphones. You may be an audiophile, or you may be someone who doesn't want to think too much about your headphones. Either way, noise cancelling headphones are purpose-built for destroying outside noise, and they're really good at it." soundguys.com

it relies on 1 the idea that the high fidelity reproduction of music (or every cultural object) is something always desirable. 2 that a cultural object is detached from the world where it comes from. 3 that contamination between the piece and the soundscape is something that impoverish and not enrich it.

this is great!! sorry for intervening

- an object for a single user fruition - and by removing significative manifestation of the world it enforces a concept of individuality - its functioning supposes a center and a rest of the world (well, 👂 two centers 👂) - it reminds me about the visual critics about linear perspective and how occidental visual culture is embedded with anthropocentric premises.

more about it here >>> https://www.e-flux.com/journal/24/67860/in-free-fall-a-thought-experiment-on-vertical-perspective/

- this devices make no distinction between sound and noise, in fact it treat everything as noise,

- ideology and narratives: it's difficult to think about ideology without casting new ideologies on things ? i mean it's always a matter of encoding / decoding signs: re enchanting objects with our ideologies

what does it cancel? it cancels the lower frequencies for cutting specific sound that are perceived as noise. but...

it's an objects that makes self-isolation not only possible but also desirable:

   - how  does it materially work? it registers the frequencies of the surroundings and reproduces them but inverted, so to neutralize the formers
   - what does imply?

+ that there is a noisy background + that this noisy background is to be rejected for various reason in various occasions (to improve attention/concentration, to filter too many inputs, to ... etc) + that you don't have power on silencing your surrounding by interacting directly with it (passively)

to certain extent the noise cancelling headphones make me thing of false consciousness the most, because it seems super normal to use them in very chaotic environments as they offer a very quick and normalized solution. at the same time they are an object that could turn out handy in situations where an high performance is required. I'm thinking about the optimization of productivity, but also the example of the guy in the spectrum of autism whose well-being is not sought by intervening on the cause of extra-inputs but on the immediate-temporary filtering of those. yes, in the end, i think the point of this device is that its design, development and functioning are soaked of a certain ideology to the extent that by not intervening directly on the causes of noise while filtering noise for a person, it can be repurposed in a world in which the responsibilities for solving a problem are dropped on the individuals, that the solving of this problem is temporary, but that this temporary solution is normal and preferable because the environment is immutable.

+ they might be used in open offices where employees work really close the one to the other in order to reduce the sound and be more productive. + machines as computers, fridges or other people working may produce low frequency sound, that is perceived as noise and then it is cut out. But why exactly are they cut out? + in several contexts the female sound frequencies have been perceived as noise. So another important question is what range of frequencies is perceived as noise from the designer of a product and what is the filtering of this noise.

safety measures from extreme environments (WDKA wood workshop, factories, planes, ) applied to everyday life

it works on perception, it doesn't affect the sources it implies that your surroundings are immutable, and therefore it validates them

making the Glossary of productive play with everyone in class

https://pad.xpub.nl/p/02022022
from pad

Ozerotterdamnwozerotwobbletwozerotwotwo with Steve

NO NEW STUFF = we spend some time with the things we have already looked at. 11:00-13:00 we compile a glossary of terms. AM: Glossary of terms (a definition; including examples from our own experience) WE decided to continue with the glossary.

14:00-16:30 We decided to continue with the glossary. Aim for 16:30 glossary uploaded on the wiki (or proof of concept) 1. we go on with working on the terms 2. when we are done with a term and it is defined; we add it on the wiki page (where is only the edited content) as a subtitle (so we can link to it) 3. when we add a word on wiki, we delete the authorship colour on the working pad (this is the sign for team that is ready and put on wiki)

16:30 group feedback session.

structure:

def: Who said it: Mentioned in [ from leftypedia: in context [ In a sentence: Period�: See also

This is a lexicon I participated to at my time at the Rietveld, it's a 3 months work of questioning and creating new definitions or redefining old ones in relation to a contemporary practice of Graphic design or art in general. I will try to think of bringing it next time and explain the process:

https://www.perimeterbooks.com/products/see-also-an-alternative-graphic-design-lexicon https://rietveldacademie.nl/en/page/5333/see-also

Please add terms that may be useful define further/ clarify

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addiction(chae) def: Addiction is a brain disorder characterized by compulsive engagement in rewarding stimuli despite adverse consequences. (wiki) People can get addicted to all sorts of substances. When we think of addiction, we usually think of alcohol or illegal drugs. But people become addicted to medicines, cigarettes, even glue. Addiction means a person has no control over whether he or she uses a drug or drinks. Someone who's addicted to cocaine has grown so used to the drug that he or she has to have it. Addiction can be physical, psychological, or both.

A person crosses the line between abuse and addiction when he or she is no longer trying the drug to have fun or get high, but has come to depend on it. His or her whole life centers around the need for the drug(or --). An addicted person — whether it's a physical or psychological addiction or both — no longer feels like there is a choice in taking a substance.

def 2: "The modern meaning of “addiction” is an uneasy amalgam of several contradictory legacies: a religious one, which has censured excessive drinking, gambling and drug use as moral transgressions; a scientific one, which has characterized alcoholism and drug addiction as biological diseases; and a colloquial one, which has casually applied the term to almost any fixation. "

types of addiction:

Who said it: Mentioned in [ YouTube channel, Jimquisition "you can get addictive ---" By Ferris Jabr

In context [ video game addiction: As defined by the ICD-11, the main criterion for this disorder is a lack of self control over gaming.[3] ]

In a sentence: "Addiction is compulsive engagement in a rewarding experience despite serious repercussions. And it results from a confluence of biology, psychology, social environment and culture."

period: 15th-18th century ( "Addiction" at the time meant "to attach" to something, giving it both positive and negative connotations. ) 19th century (Modern research on addiction has led to a better understanding of the disease with research studies on the topic dating back to 1875, specifically on morphine addiction.[24] This furthered the understanding of addiction being a medical condition. It wasn't until the 19th century that addiction was seen and acknowledged in the Western world as a disease, being both a physical condition and mental illness. Today, addiction is understood both as a biopsychosocial and neurological disorder that negatively impacts those who are affected by it, most commonly associated with the abuse of drugs and alcohol.[9] The understanding of addiction has changed throughout history, which has impacted and continues to impact the ways it is medically treated and diagnosed.)

 see also: productive play / lootbox / gambling

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anchoring def (from wikipedia): The anchoring effect is a cognitive bias whereby an individual's decisions are influenced by a particular reference point or 'anchor'.[1 Once the value of the anchor is set, subsequent arguments, estimates, etc. made by an individual may change from what they would have otherwise been without the anchor. 1. An individual may be more likely to purchase a car if it is placed alongside a more expensive model (the anchor). Prices discussed in negotiations that are lower than the anchor may seem reasonable, perhaps even cheap to the buyer, even if said prices are still relatively higher than the actual market value of the car. 2. While estimating the orbit of Mars, one might start with the Earth's orbit (365 days) and then adjust upward until they reach a value that seems reasonable (usually less than 687 days, the correct answer).

Who said it: Mentioned in ["The addictive cost of predatory videogames monetization" (The Jimquisition) by Jim Sterling at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7S-DGTBZU14] =

in context: trying to sell a user a lootbox for 50$ and after a while telling them: "SUPERSALE NOW IT'S JUST 15$", the result is that it doesn't really matter if the price is still super high, the user will still think that it's advantageous to buy it immediately (+ the discount won't last long --> see "fast thinking")

In a sentence: The anchoring effect is when individuals' decisions are influenced by a particular reference point or 'anchor'.

---> Ideology and anchoring point (the point de capiton [mentioned by Lacan] - French word to say anchoring point) How does an ideology maintain its consistency? What keeps of ideological field of meaning consistent? Any given ideological field is "quilted" by the point de capiton A point de capiton unifies an ideological field and provides it with an identity. What is at issue in the conflict of ideologies is precisely the point de capiton. Signifiers such as "freedom", "democracy", "human rights," etc. are open-ended. Their meanings can slide about depending on the context of their use. For example, a right-wing interpretation of the word "freedom" might use it to designate the freedom to speculate on the market, whereas a left-wing interpretation of it might use it designate freedom from the inequalities of the market. The word "freedom" therefore does not mean the same thing in all possible worlds: what pins its meaning down is the point de capiton.

See also Dispositif (as apparatus) –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––---–– [note: needs to be added to the wiki!]

anti-gamification def: Counter-gamification can be described as a form of opposition to the increasing use of game elements within non-game systems, which aims to disrupt the processing and exploitation of users’ data; it calls for a gaming with the system, for a disruptive play with its rules and content while being within it. Who said it: Mentioned in [ Counter-Gamification: Emerging Tactics and Practices Against the Rule of Numbers by Dafne Dragona in context [ In a sentence: Period�: contemporary See also: gamification / productive play

There are artists who criticise ludic ideology by subverting the use of games. For example, while playing a game, users can't interact or have a minimal interaction or don't obtain anything by playing.

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anxiety

def: (1) Anxiety is a feeling of fear, dread, and uneasiness. It might cause you to sweat, feel restless and tense, and have a rapid heartbeat. It can be a normal reaction to stress. For example, you might feel anxious when faced with a difficult problem at work, before taking a test, or before making an important decision. It can help you to cope. The anxiety may give you a boost of energy or help you focus. But for people with anxiety disorders, the fear is not temporary and can be overwhelming. Anxiety disorders are conditions in which you have anxiety that does not go away and can get worse over time. The symptoms can interfere with daily activities such as job performance, schoolwork, and relationships. (2) a feeling of worry, nervousness, or unease about something with an uncertain outcome. (3) strong desire or concern to do something or for something to happen.

Who said it: Mentioned in [ "We Are All Very Anxious" By weareplanc

in context [ "In contemporary capitalism, the dominant reactive affect is anxiety. Today’s public secret is that everyone is anxious. Anxiety has spread from its previous localised locations (such as sexuality) to the whole of the social field. All forms of intensity, self-expression, emotional connection, immediacy, and enjoyment are now laced with anxiety. It has become the linchpin of subordination." "Public secrets are typically personalised. The problem is only visible at an individual, psychological level; the social causes of the problem are concealed." "When discussed at all, they are understood as individual psychological problems, often blamed on faulty thought patterns or poor adaptation." "The present dominant affect of anxiety is also known as precarity. Precarity is a type of insecurity which treats people as disposable so as to impose control. Precarity differs from misery in that the necessities of life are not simply absent. They are available, but withheld conditionally." "Anxiety is reinforced by the fact that it is never clear what "the market" wants from us."

In a sentence: Period�: contemporary capitalism See also: precarity / competition / capitalism / self-work / high-performance /

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artificiality

definition (a) The quality of being made or produced by human beings rather than occurring naturally. (b) Insincerity or affectedness. (Oxford Languages)

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artificial standard <3 – disguised limitations - invisible barrier -> glass ceiling

def: artificial adjective 1. made or produced by human beings rather than occurring naturally, especially as a copy of something natural. 2. (of a person or their behavior) insincere or affected.

standard noun 1. a level of quality or attainment. 2. an idea or thing used as a measure, norm, or model in comparative evaluations. adjective used or accepted as normal or average.

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base & superstructure def: In Marxist theory, society consists of two parts: the base (or substructure) and superstructure.

"The base refers to the mode of production which includes the forces and relations of production (e.g. employer–employee work conditions, the technical division of labour, and property relations) into which people enter to produce the necessities and amenities of life.

The superstructure refers to society's other relationships and ideas not directly relating to production including its culture, institutions, political power structures, roles, rituals, religion, media, and state. The relation of the two parts is not strictly unidirectional. The superstructure can affect the base. However the influence of the base is predominant."(wiki)

Who said it: Mentioned in [The Ruling Class and the Ruling Ideas - Marx & Engels (1845)] in the intro: "The ideas of the ruling class are in every epoch the ruling ideas: I.e., the class which is the ruling material force of society is at the same time its ruling intellectual force. The class which has the means of material production at its disposal, consequently also controls the means of mental productions”

from leftypedia: https://leftypedia.org/wiki/Base_and_superstructure#cite_note-2

In context [BASE AND SUPERSTRUCTURE IN MARXIST CULTURAL THEORY, Raymond Williams] : "Clearly what we are examining in the base is primary productive forces. Yet some very crucial distinctions have to be made here. It is true that in his analysis of capitalist production Marx considered ‘productive work’ in a very particular and specialized sense corresponding to that mode of production. There is a difficult passage in the Grundrisse (1857-61) [Marx's notebooks - published after his death in 1939-41] in which he argues that while the man who makes a piano is a productive worker, there is a real question whether the man who distributes the piano is also a productive worker; but he probably is, since he contributes to the realization of surplus value. Yet when it comes to the man who plays the piano, whether to himself or to others, there is no question: he is not a productive worker at all. So piano-maker is base, but pianist superstructure."

In an image:

See also: productivity / capitalism / ideology

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bric-a-brac (a) A miscellaneous collection of small articles commonly of ornamental or sentimental value. –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––---–– [note: needs to be added to the wiki!]

behavioral game design def: Cognitive behavioral game design (CBGD) is a new framework that incorporates SCT, the theory of MIs, and game design elements into a unified model that guides designers through a process to create games for learning and behavioral change. Who said it: Mentioned in [ https://www.gamedeveloper.com/design/behavioral-game-design from leftypedia: in context [

    there are actions on the part of the participant which provide a reward under specific circumstances.

Some common terms in behavioral psychology as they apply to game design considerations:

Reinforcer: An outcome or result, generally used to refer to a reward. Examples: an experience point, winning a level, a bigger gun.
Contingency: A rule or set of rules governing when reinforcers are given. Also referred to as a schedule of reinforcement. Examples: a level every 1,000 experience points, a bonus level that is only available if you kill a certain opponent.
Response: An action on the part of the player that can fulfill the contingency. This could be killing a monster, visiting an area of the game board, or using a special ability.

In a sentence: " there are actions on the part of the participant which provide a reward under specific circumstances." Period: See also

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capitalism def: : "an economic system characterized by private or corporate ownership of capital goods, by investments that are determined by private decision, and by prices, production, and the distribution of goods that are determined mainly by competition in a free market" (Webster's dictionary) Who said it: Mentioned in [ Marx, Marx & Engels, Gramsci, Williams] from leftypedia: Capitalism is often thought of as an economic system in which private actors own and control property in accord with their interests, and demand and supply freely set prices in markets in a way that can serve the best interests of society(ehem). The essential feature of capitalism is the motive to make a profit.

   In standard Marxist historiography capitalism is the mode of production that follows feudalism and precedes socialism.

Capitalism is characterized by: factory production money exchange private ownership wage-labor profit-making production for exchange (commodities) in context [ In a sentence: it is easier to imagine the end of the world that the end of capitalism. =(Zizek?) Period: XVI century - present

see also: capitalism / communism /

–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––---–– [note: needs to be added to the wiki!] [Image please :-)] lootbox def: "In video games, a loot box (also called a loot/prize crate) is a consumable virtual item which can be redeemed to receive a randomised selection of further virtual items, or loot, ranging from simple customization options for a player's avatar or character, to game-changing equipment such as weapons and armor. A loot box is typically a form of monetisation, with players either buying the boxes directly or receiving the boxes during play and later buying "keys" with which to redeem them. These systems may also be known as gacha (based on gashapon – capsule toys) and integrated into gacha games. Loot box concepts originated from loot systems in massively multiplayer online role-playing games, and from the monetisation of free-to-play mobile gaming. They first appeared in 2004 through 2007, and have appeared in many free-to-play games and in some full-priced titles since then. They are seen by developers and publishers of video games not only to help generate ongoing revenue for games while avoiding drawbacks of paid downloadable content or game subscriptions, but to also keep player interest within games by offering new content and cosmetics through loot-box reward systems. Loot boxes were popularised through their inclusion in several games throughout the mid-2010s. By the later half of the decade, some games, particularly Star Wars Battlefront II, expanded approaches to the concept that caused them to become highly criticised. Such criticism included "pay to win" gameplay systems that favor those that spend real money on loot boxes and negative effects on gameplay systems to accommodate them, as well as them being anti-consumer when implemented in full-priced games. Due to fears of them being used as a source in gray-market skin gambling, loot boxes began to become regulated under national gambling laws in various countries at the same time." Wikipedia Who said it: Mentioned in [ from leftypedia: in context [ In a sentence: the surprise; the promise; the reward; an horizon; the unknown; the inventory See also: gambling / addiction / gift /

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Materialism "For Marx and Engels, materialism meant that the material world, perceptible to the senses, has objective reality independent of mind or spirit. They did not deny the reality of mental or spiritual processes but affirmed that ideas could arise, therefore, only as products and reflections of material conditions." Britanica (Dialectical materialism) def: Who said it: Mentioned in Marx, Gramsci from leftypedia: in context [ the ideas we have arise from specific material practices (not the other way around). In a sentence: see also: capitalism / –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––---–– [note: wiki ✔]

Mainstream The mainstream is the prevalent current thought that is widespread. It includes all popular culture and media culture, typically disseminated by mass media. This word is sometimes used in a pejorative sense by subcultures who view ostensibly mainstream culture as not only exclusive but artistically and aesthetically inferior. It is to be distinguished from subcultures and countercultures, and at the opposite extreme are cult followings and fringe theories. The labels "mainstream media" and "mass media" are generally applied to print publications (such as newspapers and magazines), radio formats, and television stations that contain the highest audience or have the broadest appeal. [Wiki] Mentioned in: "Well played" by Vicky Osterweil in context: Everything that is seen as normal, that is familiar to the masses and available to the general public is mainstream. An example for mainstream cinema are Hollywood movies. In a sentence: Media, people, activities, products and ideas that are part of the mainstream are regarded as the most typical, normal, and conventional because they belong to the same group or system as most others of their kind. See also: pop culture / mass culture –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––---–– [note: wiki ✔]

mass culture def: "Popular culture (also called mass culture or pop culture) is generally recognized by members of a society as a set of the practices, beliefs, and objects that are dominant or prevalent in a society at a given point in time. Popular culture also encompasses the activities and feelings produced as a result of interaction with these dominant objects. The primary driving force behind popular culture is mass appeal, and it is produced by what cultural analyst Theodor Adorno refers to as the "culture industry".wikipedia Who said it: Mentioned in Adorno, Hebdidge from leftypedia: in context In a sentence: See also (by contrast) sub culture | pop culture / mainstream / mass media –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––---–– [note: needs to be added to the wiki!]

mass media def:" Mass media refers to a diverse array of media technologies that reach a large audience via mass communication. The technologies through which this communication takes place include a variety of outlets" Wikipedia. Who said it: Mentioned in from leftypedia: in context [ In a sentence: See also: –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––---–– [note: needs to be added to the wiki!]

master-servant dialectic def: "The master–slave dialectic is the common name for a famous passage of Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel's Phenomenology of Spirit, though the original German phrase, Herrschaft und Knechtschaft, is more properly translated as Lordship and Bondage.[1] It is widely considered a key element in Hegel's philosophical system, and has heavily influenced many subsequent philosophers. The passage describes, in narrative form, the development of self-consciousness as such in an encounter between what are thereby (i.e., emerging only from this encounter) two distinct, self-conscious beings. The essence of the dialectic is the movement or motion of recognizing, in which the two self-consciousnesses are constituted in being each recognized as self-conscious by the other. This movement, inexorably taken to its extreme, takes the form of a "struggle to the death" in which one masters [beherrscht] the other, only to find that such lordship makes the very recognition he had sought impossible, since the bondsman, in this state, is not free to offer it." Wikipedia Who said it: Mentioned in Hegel The Phenomenology of Spirit; "Gamification as twenty-first-century ideology" by M. Fuchs; Lacan Seminar II

In context (1): [from "Gamification as twenty-first-century ideology" by M. Fuchs] "Bataille differs essentially from how Adorno and Benjamin thought about gaming: for Adorno, the ‘repetitiveness of gaming’ is nothing but ‘an after-image of involuntary servitude’ (1984: 401; Adorno, ‘Nachbild von unfreier Arbeit’, 1970: 371), and for Benjamin, the gamer’s actions resemble those of the proletarian worker as they perform what is derived of all meaning: ‘drudgery of the player’ (‘Fron des Spielers’, 1939: 72 -73) example: [ "When consuming Farmville playtime, the player remains a ‘Knecht’, and Zynga Corporation continues to be the ‘Herr’. Other than what the ideological message promises, it is not the player who is visited by the cash cow; the player is the cash cow, and he or she delivers monetary benefits to Zynga. The difference from the false statement to the right one is only minimal: Instead of Figure 4’s statement ‘Triple your money in a year!’ it should say ‘Triple our money in a year!’"

In context(2):"As Hegel pointed out, the tragedy of the masters is that they cannot escape from dependence on their slaves." Barbrook & Cameron in The California Ideology (1995)

In a sentence: Master-slave (two consciousnesses), where the self-consciousness is directed at another that is unequal to itself

When we are gaming for 'free' we are actually the product. When a digital platform offers to organise our life who is the master and who is the slave? Are these examples of the master slave dialectic?

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microtransaction def: "A microtransaction is a business model where users can purchase virtual items for small amounts of money. Microtransactions often appear in free-to-play games, meaning there is no cost to download the game, just a cost to buy the online virtual products." Investopedia

Who said it: Mentioned in ["Gamification as twenty-first-century ideology" by M. Fuchs; Hegel, from leftypedia: in context [ In a sentence: see also: loot box, gambling

–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––---–– [note: wiki ✔] monetization (Alex) def: Monetization (also spelled monetisation) is, broadly speaking, the process of converting something into money. Gaming monetisation / video games monetization is the type of process that a video game publisher can use to generate revenue from a video game product. The methods of monetization may vary between games, especially when they come from different genres or platforms, but they all serve the same purpose to return money to the game developers, copyright owners, and other stakeholders. As the monetization methods continue to diversify, they also affect the game design in a way that sometimes leads to criticism.

Who said it: Creator Matt Mihaly sought other ways to earn revenue, and after offering a few high-quality in-game items for real-world money at an auction, realized a way to make additional revenue. Mihaly programmed into Achaea what is believed to be the first microtransaction, "dual currency" system, where two pools of in-game currency are available, those that are earned in-game, and those that are converted from real-world purchases into the premium currency, which was the only currency that could be used to purchase "virtual goods" in the game. In the first decade of the century, the game monetization was affected by the booming of the e-commerce, as well as hardware, software and other information technology developments. All kinds of online games and multiplayer games were connected through the faster Internet. The craze of MMORPG by made the subscription model a profitable way to support the game developers. Many browser games became free to play in order to attract more visits. At the early age of smartphones, mobile games were paid to download because there was usually no interface for a smartphone to install a physical copy. Period: 1997+, boom in 2000s

in context: ["Video games as a consumer product have changed significantly with the advent of in-game purchasing systems (e.g., microtransactions, ‘loot boxes’)... The analysis revealed that some in-game purchasing systems could be characterized as unfair or exploitative. These systems describe tactics that capitalize on informational advantages (e.g., behavioral tracking) and data manipulation (e.g., price manipulation) to optimize offers to incentivize continuous spending, while offering limited or no guarantees or protections (e.g., refund entitlement), with the potential to exploit vulnerable players (e.g., adolescents, problematic gamers). These findings are critically discussed in relation to behavioral economics, addiction psychology, and the clinical conceptualization of gaming disorder. Appropriate policy and consumer protection measures, psychologically informed interventions, and ethical game design guidelines are needed in order to protect the interests and wellbeing of consumers." - Unfair play? Video games as exploitative monetized services: An examination of game patents from a consumer protection perspective, Daniel L. Kinga,b, Paul H. Delfabbroa, Sally M. Gainsburyc, Michael Dreierd, Nancy Greere, Joël Billieuxf

In a sentence: See also: microtransaction / free-to-play / loot box

–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––---–– [note: wiki ✔] PAP:

   Definition 
   If you describe something such as information, writing, or entertainment as pap, you mean that you consider it to be of no worth, value, or serious interest.

(a)Bland soft or semi-liquid food such as that suitable for babies or invalids. ("a trayful of tasteless pap"). (b)Worthless or trivial reading matter or entertainment. ("limitless channels serving up an undemanding diet of pap"). (c)Pap culture is in a certain way trash culture, the sewer of popular culture, yet, the most consumed and produced. (d)Scottish and Northern England dialect. a nipple or teat.

Who said it: Mentioned in [Cultural Resistance Reader, Stephen Duncombe] STUART HALL,"NOTES ON DECONSTRUCTING 'THE POPULAR"', "Yesterday's rebellious subculture is today's commercial pap and today's pap can become the basis for tomorrow's culture of resistance (cf. Cowley,Frank, and Hebdige)."

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pay to play def: In gaming"The term is also used as slang to refer to Internet services that require that users pay to use them. Usually, it refers to MMORPGs, where players must pay to maintain a playing account, as is the case with Eve Online or World of Warcraft. This is in contrast to free-to-play games. Many formerly pay-to-play MMORPGs have switched to a free-to-play model, including EverQuest, Star Wars: The Old Republic, Aion: The Tower of Eternity, and The Lord of the Rings Online. The game RuneScape features both free accounts for no money or pay-to-play accounts, with a much larger list of features. The term may also refer to something like the online game Habbo Hotel, where there are games inside the game, which you may pay-to-play to join into a game whilst it is in progress."

Who said it: Mentioned in [ from leftypedia: in context [ In a sentence: –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––---–– [note: needs to be added to the wiki!]

pay to win def: Who said it: Mentioned in [ from leftypedia: in context [ In a sentence: –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––---–– [note: needs to be added to the wiki!]

peer pressure def: Peer pressure is the direct or indirect influence on people of peers, members of social groups with similar interests, experiences, or social statuses. Members of a peer group are more likely to influence a person's beliefs and behavior. A group or individual may be encouraged and want to follow their peers by changing their attitudes, values or behaviors to conform to those of the influencing group or individual. For the individual affected by peer pressure, this can result in either a positive or negative effect or both. [Wiki] Who said it: Mentioned in in context [ In a sentence: –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––-- play(chae) def:

   Play is a range of intrinsically motivated activities done for recreational pleasure and enjoyment. Play is commonly associated with children and juvenile-level activities, but play occurs at any life stage, and among other higher-functioning animals as well, most notably mammals and birds.

[wikipedia]

One definition from Susanna Millar's The Psychology of Play defines play as: “any purposeful mental or physical activity performed either individually or group-wise in leisure time or at work for enjoyment, relaxation, and satisfaction of real-time or long term needs.”

   Another definition of play from the twenty-first century comes from the National Playing Fields Association (NPFA). The definition reads as follows: “play is freely chosen, personally directed, intrinsically motivated behaviour that actively engages the child.”[4] This definition focuses more on the child's freedom of choice and personal motivation related to an activity.

Who said it:

   Melanie Klein | Jean Piage | William James | Sigmund Freud | Carl Jung | Lev Vygotsky | Johann Huizinga  | Susanna Millar (in anthropology/cybernetics see also Gregory Bateson Steps to an Ecology of Mind)

Mentioned in ["Play is a free activity standing quite consciously outside "ordi-nary"life as being "not serious,"but at the same time absorbing the player intensely and utterly. It is an activity connected with no material interest, and no profit can be gained by it. It proceeds within its own proper boundaries of time and space according to fixed rules and in an orderly manner. It promotes the formation of social groupings, which tend to surround themselves with secrecy and to stress their difference from the common world by disguise or other means." from Homo Ludens by Johann Huizinga]

["Further, play becomes subservient to work; the very act of codifying play into observable metrics ensures that play loses the power of intrinsic motivation and imagination. The hierarchy of business training games reads thusly: play belongs to games, games belong to algorithms and algorithms represent the intellectual and manual labour processes of high- stakes economics. (...) Play requires imagination and rules. But differently from games, within the rules of play the imagination and rules are plastic, changing to situational exigencies that are defined by actors, culture, materials and ethics. " from Taylorism 2.0: Gamification, scientific management and the capitalist appropriation of play by Jennifer Dewinter]

["For Bataille, play was one of the conceivable frameworks that foster a type of sacrifice that resembles a gift. The game in a Huizingian (1938) sense of a free activity was therefore interpreted as opposed to alienated work. Gaming and labour would be diametrically opposed, and the ‘sacred’ within play was a source of hope to escape the master-slave dialectic of capital-labour rela- tionships. As Robert Pfaller demonstrates in his article subtitled ‘Bataille reads Huizinga’ (2010), the Bataillian logic is built upon the dialectics of work and play, and one cannot have one without the other. That is why Georges Bataille, with all his sympathies for Huizinga, differs considerably from the Dutch anthropologist when it comes to the implications that follow from the assumptions made in Homo Ludens. The idea that animals can play, for example, is an idea that Bataille cannot share with Huizinga because a play- ing animal would imply that animals can also work in the sense of engaging in labour processes (Pfaller 2010: 23). No playing animal without a working animal is what Bataille insists on." from Gamification as 21st century ideology by Mathias Fuchs ]

In a sentence:

see also gift | gamification | work / productive play –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––---–– [note: needs to be added to the wiki!]

pop culture (chae) def:

   Popular culture (also called mass culture or pop culture) is generally recognized by members of a society as a set of the practices, beliefs, and objects that are dominant or prevalent in a society at a given point in time. Popular culture also encompasses the activities and feelings produced as a result of interaction with these dominant objects. The primary driving force behind popular culture is mass appeal, and it is produced by what cultural analyst Theodor Adorno refers to as the "culture industry". Heavily influenced in modern times by mass media, this collection of ideas permeates the everyday lives of people in a given society. Therefore, popular culture has a way of influencing an individual's attitudes towards certain topics. However, there are various ways to define pop culture. (...) Popular culture in the West has been critiqued for its being a system of commercialism that privileges products selected and mass-marketed by the upper-class capitalist elite.

[wikipedia]

Who said it:

   Herbert Marcuse | Theodor Adorno | Max Horkheimer | Antonio Gramsci | Guy Debord | Fredric Jameson | Terry Eagleton | Jean-François Lyotard | Jean Baudrillard | ...

Mentioned in: []

In a sentence:

see also: mass culture | popular culture | high culture

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popular(chae) def:

   (adjective) liked, enjoyed, or supported by many people:
   (adjective) (of cultural activities or products) intended for or suited to the taste, understanding, or means of the general public rather than specialists or intellectuals. [oxford language]

Who said it: Stuart Hall | Theodor Adorno

Mentioned in [

ref:

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popularist / populism (chae you go chae><) def:

   (adjective) designed for the general public; non-specialist; non-intellectual

[Collins English Dictionary]

populist : (adjective) If you describe a politician or an artist as populist, you mean that they claim to care about the interests and opinions of ordinary people rather than those of a small group.
populism : Populism refers to a range of political stances that emphasize the idea of "the people" and often juxtapose this group against "the elite." A common framework for interpreting populism is known as the ideational approach: this defines populism as an ideology which presents "the people" as a morally good force and contrasts them against "the elite," who are portrayed as corrupt and self-serving. Populists differ in how "the people" are defined, but it can be based along class, ethnic, or national lines. Populists typically present "the elite" as comprising the political, economic, cultural, and media establishment, depicted as a homogeneous entity and accused of placing their own interests, and often the interests of other groups—such as large corporations, foreign countries, or immigrants—above the interests of "the people". [wikipedia]

Who said it:

Mentioned in [

in context [

In a sentence:

see also: populism | –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––---–– [note: needs to be added to the wiki!]

power structure def: Who said it: Mentioned in [ from leftypedia: in context [ In a sentence: –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––---–– [note: needs to be added to the wiki!]

precarity def: Who said it: Mentioned in [ from leftypedia: in context [ In a sentence: See also: anxiety / capitalism

–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––---–– [note: wiki ✔] productivity / production def: noun 1. the state or quality of being productive. 2. "the long-term productivity of land" the effectiveness of productive effort, especially in industry, as measured in terms of the rate of output per unit of input. "workers have boosted productivity by 30 per cent" 3. [ecology] the rate of production of new biomass by an individual, population, or community; the fertility or capacity of a given habitat or area.

Who said it: origin of the term - latin; established in early 17th Century; early 17th century: from French productif, -ive or late Latin productivus, from product- ‘brought forth’, from the verb producere Marx & Engels: Means of production a concept that encompasses the social use and ownership of the land, labor, and capital needed to produce goods, services, and their logistical distribution and delivery. Productive forces (Marx & Engels) - In Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels' own critique of political economy, it refers to the combination of the means of labor (tools, machinery, land, infrastructure, and so on) with human labour power. Mode of production Together with the social and technical relations of production, the productive forces constitute a historically specific mode of production.

-also can look at the term as evolving over very long period - starting from tribe culture and productivity of the small tribe society (growing crops, reproduction of the tribe ro survive …), going through medieval landlord society structure, to capitalist usage

in context: [“As bodies we are violently torn from the world’s embrace and belatedly return to it as property owners of ourselves,” Ed Cohen writes in A Body Worth Defending. Under this logic — one that sees bodies as “owned” by selves — care becomes entangled with a sense of duty to make the body endlessly productive, an investment capable of yielding returns. Each individual must be a manager of the self and an investor in the body as a capital stock. This framework helps address the problem of meaningful work that haunted the old capitalism. Meaning is equated with maintaining the body’s productivity, as Taylor had hoped, fusing the elusive goal of self-esteem to measurable output. Only what it is measured is not work productivity directly but a more general potential capability for discipline and accomplishment, captured through the proxy of the body’s fitness." - "Selfwork", Karen Gregory; Kirsty Hendry; Jake Watts; Dave Young; February 02 __WOW__, 2017]

In a sentence:

see also: productive / productive play / base / superstructure / capitalism

–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––---–– [note: wiki ✔] productive def: adjective, 2 meanings: 1. popular meaning: profitable, economic, efficient (economic sense) producing or able to produce large amounts of goods, crops, or other commodities 2. alternative (subversive?) interpretation: fruitful, rich, inspiring, creative bringing positive emotions/effects on a personal human level (buildings communities, finding allies, embracing radical friendships, creating safe space etc) example: helping and supporting a friend in need is the opposite of being productive in the economic sense of the word, but it is very valuable, fruitful, enriching ans in that sense also productive on a personal level

in context: 1. You have to be more efficient to make profit. 2. This was a very fruitful conversation! I am so inspired.

In a sentence: Question: Is it possible to embrace the alternative interpretation of the word productive?

See also: Productivity / production / productive play

–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––---–– [note: wiki ✔] productive play def: 1. popular meaning: it looks and feels like playing (a game), but it's actually work. Sometimes you don't realise you are really working, sometimes you are aware of the fact that the work is "masked" as play. 2. 2.1. alternative interpretation: as a creative person, you play around with certain materials and tools to experiment and experience a productive process; the state of being inspired

2.2. playing games for meaningful social interaction with other individuals.

Who said it: Lidia :)

in context [ Vicky Osterweil in "Well Played" – Video games are a safe, controlled space of growth, learning, and repetition: a desirable fantasy version of the fractured, precarious, ever shifting workplaces most of us find ourselves in. – Video games, then, are the (highly profitable) media of consolation specific to neoliberalism. They reinforce a vision of a world entirely grounded in competition, and they provide the gratification of experiencing that framework as satisfying, just — we get to win with it, we get to escape through it, we get to experience a sense of mastery even as our lives are even more shaped by larger and larger forces and increasingly unfathomable networks. (1.)

– After-hours labour, masked with enjoyable activities that feel like leisure / also related to self-work (people trying to improve their own capital) (1.)

In a sentence: questions: – what is the difference between productive play and productive game? – how is it possible to subvert the capitalist/neoliberal mechanisms of productive play?

see also: productivity / production / productive / play / self-work / gamificaion

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profit def: Who said it: Mentioned in [ from leftypedia: in context [ In a sentence: See also: productivity / capitalism –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––---–– [note: needs to be added to the wiki!]

ransack

\ ˈran-ˌsak
verb
1. to look through thoroughly in often a rough way
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[note: needs to be added to the wiki!]

rationalisation (Max Weber? the mode of modernism / ratio-alisation/ to measure/ to make a number of/information work is alsonratio-analisation/qualities become quantities)

def: Who said it: Mentioned in [ from leftypedia: in context [ In a sentence: –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––-- reciprocity

definition:

   In cultural anthropology, reciprocity refers to the non-market exchange of goods or labour ranging from direct barter (immediate exchange) to forms of gift exchange where a return is eventually expected (delayed exchange) as in the exchange of birthday gifts. It is thus distinct from the true gift, where no return is expected.

When the exchange is immediate, as in barter, it does not create a social relationship. When the exchange is delayed, it creates both a relationship as well as an obligation for a return (i.e. debt). Hence, some forms of reciprocity can establish hierarchy if the debt is not repaid. The failure to make a return may end a relationship between equals. Reciprocal exchanges can also have a political effect through the creation of multiple obligations and the establishment of leadership, as in the gift exchanges (Moka) between Big Men in Melanesia. Some forms of reciprocity are thus closely related to redistribution, where goods and services are collected by a central figure for eventual distribution to followers. [wikipedia]

Mentioned by:

   Marcel Mausse |

In one sentence: