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Considered formally, then, '''<mark>[[/the attributes of feminist method | the attributes of feminist method]]</mark>''' are particularly important. | Considered formally, then, '''<mark>[[/the attributes of feminist method | the attributes of feminist method]]</mark>''' are particularly important. | ||
<br> | <br> | ||
"...where, after poststructuralism, can we find validity?" asks Patti Lather | |||
<br> | <br> | ||
<br> | <br> | ||
==Where should information be situated?== | ==Where should information be situated?== | ||
<blockquote> | <blockquote> |
Latest revision as of 11:50, 4 November 2024
Introduction: The 'turkey baster disaster' and the realpolitik
What was important about it for our purposes here, however, was a marked shift in the community from essentialist, βbiologicallyβ driven explana- tions to more complex, contradictory, heterogeneous ways of thinking about experi- ence and situations. βMenβ became modified by βour sonsβ; βmutantsβ were newly domesticated and intimate. And from this experience and many others, the vocabulary of essentialism was deeply scrutinized and abandoned (by many). Among other things, we took the misplaced concretism of sex and re-situated it within the concrete experi- ence of gender and relationships.
I want to take us from low-tech turkey basters to high-tech computers via this exam- ple, because I think it says something important about feminism, method, and tech- nology. One simplistic way of reading these events (and others of the late 1970s and early 1980s) is that the blunt reality of life experience interfered with an idealistic, ideo- logical kind of talkβa form of realpolitik that was also a co-optation.
I hold that it is the all at once-ness that is at the core of feminist survival, and as a consequence at the core of our relationship to science and technology. The power to hold multiple, contradictory views in a moral collective is necessary in shaping the divergence between Big Brother and a positive, cyborg-inhabited multiverse.
νλ―Έλμ¦μ΄ 볡μ‘ν νμ€κ³Ό λͺ¨μλ κ΄μ μ λμμ λ°μλ€μ΄λ λ₯λ ₯μ ν΅ν΄ μμ‘΄νκ³ λ°μ ν΄μμΌλ©°, μ΄λ¬ν λ₯λ ₯μ΄ κ³Όνκ³Ό κΈ°μ μ λ°λΌλ³΄λ λ°©μμλ μ€μνλ€. λΉ λΈλΌλμ²λΌ λ¨μΌν ν΅μ μ κ·μ¨μ λ°λ₯΄λ λμ , μ¬μ΄λ³΄κ·Έμ²λΌ 볡μ‘μ±κ³Ό λ€μμ±μ ν¬μ©νλ μ¬κ³ κ° νμν κ²μ΄λ€. λμλ€λ°μ±μ μ΄λ¬ν 볡μ‘ν λ¬Έμ λ₯Ό ν΄κ²°νλ ν΅μ¬μ μΈ λ°©λ²λ‘ μ΄λ©°, μ΄λ λ¨μν ννμ΄ μλλΌ λ³΅μ‘ν νμ€ μμμ λ€μν κ΄μ μ μμ©νλ λ₯λ ₯μ λ»νλ€. |
Look also-> 'A Cyborg Manifesto' by Donna J. Haraway, 1985
"Method is a way of surviving experience"
Method is a way of surviving experience. It is a word at once stronger than paradigm, in the sense that it often crosses, both historically and spatially, most uses of the Kuhnian term. It may be part of several paradigms; it may persist after other attributes of a paradigm have fallen away.
β² λ°©λ²λ‘ μ μμ¬μ , 곡κ°μ λ§₯λ½μ μ΄μν΄ μ¬λ¬ ν¨λ¬λ€μμ λλλ λ€. μ¦, νλμ ν¨λ¬λ€μμ΄ λ°λκ±°λ μ¬λΌμ§λλΌλ, κ·Έ μμμ μ¬μ©λ λ°©λ²λ‘ μ μ¬μ ν λ¨μμκ³ μ μ©ν μ μλ€. μλ₯Ό λ€μ΄, κ³Όνμ μ¬κ³ μμ μ΄λ€ νΉμ ν μ΄λ‘ μ΄ ν¨λ¬λ€μμΌλ‘ λ°μλ€μ¬μ‘μ λ, κ·Έ μ΄λ‘ μ΄ λμ€μ λ²λ €μ§ μ μμ§λ§, κ·Έ μ΄λ‘ μ νꡬνλ κ³Όμ μμ μ¬μ©λ λ°©λ²λ€μ μ¬μ ν μ ν¨ν μ μλ κ²κ³Ό κ°λ€.
The geography of nature to be experienced by feminism -Subjects are cyborg : μ¬μ΄λ³΄κ·Έλ μΈκ°κ³Ό κΈ°κ³μ κ²½κ³κ° λͺ¨νΈν μ‘΄μ¬λ‘, μ λμ μ΄κ³ κ³ μ λμ§ μμ μ 체μ±μ μμ§νλ€. νλ―Έλμ¦μμ 주체λ κ³ μ λ μ±λ³, μ 체μ±μ λμ΄μλ μ‘΄μ¬λ‘μ, λ€μν μν₯μ λ°μΌλ©° λμμμ΄ λ³νν©λλ€. -Nature is Coyote : μμ°μ΄λ μΈκ°μ λ³Έμ§μ κ³ μ λ κ²μΌλ‘ λ³΄μ§ μκ³ , λ€μν κ°λ₯μ±μ μμ©νλ κ΄μ . -The geography is elsewhere : μ°λ¦¬κ° μκ³ μλ κΈ°μ‘΄μ μ§λ¦¬μ λλ μ¬νμ κ²½κ³κ° λ μ΄μ μ€μνμ§ μμΌλ©°, μλ‘μ΄ ν¨λ¬λ€μ μμμ μ°λ¦¬κ° μμΉν κ³³μ΄ λ€λ₯΄κ² ν΄μλ μ μμ.
"...Included in the cyborg image is the question: how βa fundamentally methodological question."
μ¬μ΄λ³΄κ·Έλ κ³ μ λ λ³Έμ§μ΄ μκ³ , κ²½κ³λ₯Ό λλλλ μ‘΄μ¬μ΄λ―λ‘, μ΄λ»κ² μ΄λ¬ν 볡μ‘ν νμ€μ λ°©λ²λ‘ μ μΌλ‘ λ€λ£° κ²μΈκ°
In Shulamith Reinharzβs terms, knowledge is inseparable from the process of strategic community building and understanding.
Considered formally, then, the attributes of feminist method are particularly important.
"...where, after poststructuralism, can we find validity?" asks Patti Lather
Where should information be situated?
...It becomes new, however, when people are added as active interpreters of information, who themselves inhabit multiple contexts of use and practice. What becomes problematic under these circumstances is the relationship between people and things, or objects, the relationship that creates representations and not just noise. Information is only information when there are multiple interpretations. One personβs noise may be anotherβs signal, or two people may agree to attend to something but it is the tension between contexts that actually creates representation.
Context - Tension - Representation
μ λ³΄κ° μ‘΄μ¬νκ³ ν΄μλλ λ¬Ένμ , μ¬νμ , μμ¬μ , κ°μΈμ λ°°κ²½κ³Ό κ°μ λ€μν λ§₯λ½λ€ κ°μ μ°¨μ΄κ° κΈ΄μ₯μ λ§λ λ€. κ·Έλ¬λ μ΄ κΈ΄μ₯μ΄ λ¨μν κ°λ±μ μ΄λνλ κ²μ΄ μλλΌ, κ·Έ μμ²΄κ° μλ‘μ΄ μλ―Έλ₯Ό μ°½μ‘°νλ κ³Όμ μ΄λΌλ μ μ΄ μ€μ. μλ‘ λ€λ₯Έ λ§₯λ½μμ μ λ³΄κ° ν΄μλκ±°λ μΆ©λν λ, κ·Έ κ³Όμ μμ μλ‘μ΄ νν/μλ―Έκ° μμ±λλ€λ κ².
The expansion occurs by shifting the context in which the information resides.
κΈ΄μ₯: λ€μν κ΄μ , ν΄μ, νΉμ λ°©μλ€μ΄ μΆ©λνλ©΄μ μλ‘ μν₯μ λ―ΈμΉλ μν©. μ΄ μΆ©λμ μ 보μ λν΄ νλμ μ λμ μΈ ν΄μμ΄ μλ, μ¬λ¬ ν΄μμ΄ μ‘΄μ¬ν μ μλ€λ κ²μ μ μ λ‘ νλ©°, μ΄λ¬ν κΈ΄μ₯μ μ 보μ μλ―Έλ₯Ό νλΆνκ² λ§λ€κ³ , λ€μν κ΄μ μμ μ¬ν΄μλ μ μλ κΈ°νλ₯Ό μ 곡νλ€.
:μλ₯Ό λ€μ΄, μμ μνμ΄ μλ‘ λ€λ₯Έ μλμ λ¬Ένμμ λ€λ₯΄κ² ν΄μλ λ, μ΄ κ³Όμ μμ λ°μνλ κΈ΄μ₯μ μ’ μ’ μλ‘μ΄ ν΄μκ³Ό μλ―Έμ νμ₯μ κ°μ Έμ¨λ€. λ§μΉ νλμ λ μκ° κ³ μ λ¬Έν μνμ μλ‘μ΄ μκ°μμ ν΄μν λ, κ³Όκ±°μλ κ³ λ €λμ§ μμλ μλ‘μ΄ μλ―Έλ€μ΄ λ±μ₯νλ κ²μ²λΌ.
ννκ³Ό λ§₯λ½: κΈ΄μ₯μ κΆκ·Ήμ μΌλ‘ ννμ μ°½μ‘°νλ λ° μ€μν μν μ νλ€. ννμ΄λ νΉμ ν λ§₯λ½μμ νμ±λ μλ―Έλ μμ§μ λ§νλ©°, μ λ³΄κ° λ¨μν λ°μ΄ν°κ° μλ, κ·Έ μμμ νΉμ ν μλ―Έλ₯Ό κ°κ² λλ κ³Όμ μ μλ―Ένλ€. λ§₯λ½ κ°μ κΈ΄μ₯μ΄ μλ€λ©΄, ννμ κ³ μ λκ³ μ 체λ μλ―Έμ 머무λ₯Ό μ μμΌλ μ΄ κΈ΄μ₯μ΄ μ‘΄μ¬ν¨μΌλ‘μ¨, ννμ λ€μν λ§₯λ½μμ μλ‘κ² ν΄μλλ©°, λμ μ΄κ³ λ³ννλ μλ―Έ(i.e μΈν°λ·λ°)λ₯Ό κ°μ§κ² λλ κ².
Objects in communities of practice
Mediated by "Member" objects
1.μ¬λ¬Όμ νλμ λ΄μ¬νλ€ 2.μ¬λ¬Όμ νλμ μ€μ¬νλ€ 3.μ¬λ¬Όμ λ§₯λ½κ³Ό νλ μμμ μλ―Έλ₯Ό κ°μ§λ€ 4.μ¬λ¬Όμ΄ νμ νλμ μ€μ¬νλ νμ κ°μ§λ€ |
A community of practice is defined in large part according to the co-use of such objects, since all practice is so mediated. The relationship of the newcomer to the community largely revolves around the nature of the relationship with the objectsβand not, counterintuitively, directly with the people. Acceptance or legitimacy derives from the familiarity of action mediated by βmemberβ objects.
Familiarity and Naturalization
She explains that when a new member joins a community of practice, the relationship with objects is more important than the relationships with other members of the community. In other words, to be recognized as a member of the community, one must become familiar with the objects used within that community. The relationship with objects becomes a key criterion for gaining legitimacy within the community.
When an object becomes naturalized within a community, it is no longer seen as something special but rather becomes something that members use as a matter of course. Members become part of the community through their interactions with these objects.
μ¬λ¬Όμ λ¨μν λꡬ μ΄μμ μλ―Έλ₯Ό κ°μ§λ©°, μ€μ² 곡λ체μ μ€μν ꡬμ±μμ²λΌ νλμ μ€μ¬νλ€. μ¬λ¬Όμ κ·Έ 곡λ체μμ ꡬμ±μλ€ κ°μ μνΈμμ©μ κ°λ₯νκ² νκ³ , μλ‘μ΄ κ΅¬μ±μμ΄ κ³΅λ체μ μ μνκ³ μΈμ λ°λ λ° μ€μν μν μ νλ€. λ°λΌμ, μ¬λ¬Όμ μ€μ² 곡λ체μ ν΅μ¬μ μΈ λ§€κ°μ²΄λ‘μ 곡λ체μ ꡬμ±μμ²λΌ κΈ°λ₯νλ κ². |
Trajectory of membership and ambiguity
She states that people move along a trajectory of belonging within a community of practice. This trajectory represents the process by which individuals gradually adapt to the community, develop a sense of belonging, and ultimately become full members.
From illegitimate peripheral participation to full membership
μ΄ κ³Όμ μ λ¨μν μ§μμ μλ κ²λ§μ΄ μλλΌ, 곡λ체 λ΄μμ μ΄λ»κ² νλνκ³ μν΅νλμ§λ₯Ό λ°°μλκ°λ κ³Όμ μ λ§νλ€. νμ΅μ λ¨μν μ 보μ μ΅λμ΄ μλλΌ, μμκ°κ³Ό ꡬμ±μμΌλ‘μμ μ 체μ±μ νμ±νλ κ³Όμ μ΄λΌλ λ»μ λλ€. λν μ μλ μμ κ³Όμ μ λ€λ₯΄κ² ν΄μνκΈ° μν΄, μ¬κΈ°μ μ€μν μν μ νλ μμλ‘ μ¬λ¬Όκ³Ό κ·Έκ²μ μμ°ν κ³Όμ μ μΆκ°νλ€. μ¬λ¬Όκ³Όμ μνΈμμ©μ΄ μμμ νμ 쑰건(sine qua non)μ΄λΌλ λ»μ΄λ©°, μμμ κΆ€μ μμ μ€μν κ²μ κ·Έ 곡λ체μμ μ¬μ©νλ μ¬λ¬Όλ€κ³Ό μ΄λ»κ² κ΄κ³λ₯Ό λ§Ίκ³ , κ·Έκ²λ€μ΄ μμ°μ€λ½κ² μ΅μν΄μ§λμ§μ μ¬λΆμΈ κ²μ΄λ€.
Boundary Objects
Borderlands and Monsters - limitations of traditional sociology and functionalism
μ μλ μ ν΅ μ¬ννμ λ΄λΆμ(insiders)μ μΈλΆμ(outsiders)μ κ΄κ³λ₯Ό κ°μ‘°νλ κΈ°λ₯μ£Όμμ μμ±λ₯Ό λ€λ€κ³ λ§νλ€. κΈ°λ₯μ£Όμλ μ¬νλ₯Ό μμ λ 체κ³λ‘ λ³΄κ³ , κ·Έ μμμ κ°μμ μν κ³Ό μμΉλ₯Ό μ ν΄λλλ€. μ¦, μ¬νλ μ μλνκΈ° μν΄ κ°μκ° λ§‘μ μν μ νλ κ΅¬μ‘°λ‘ μ΄ν΄λλ©°, μ΄ κ΅¬μ‘° μμμ λ΄λΆμμ μΈλΆμμ κ΄κ³κ° μ±λ¦½λλ κ²μ΄λ€. κ·Έλ¬λ κΈ°λ₯μ£Όμλ μ¬λ¬Όμ λ³Έμ§μ΄λ λ€μ€μ μ λΉν μμ(μ¦, ν μ¬λμ΄ μ¬λ¬ 곡λ체μ μνλ κ²)μ λ€λ£¨μ§ μλλ€. κΈ°λ₯μ£Όμμ μκ°μμλ μ¬λμ΄ νλμ κ³ μ λ μμλ§μ κ°μ§ μ μλ κ²μ²λΌ 보μ΄μ§λ§, μ€μ λ‘λ λ§μ μ¬λλ€μ΄ λ€μν μ 체μ±κ³Ό μμμ λμμ κ°μ§λ 볡μ‘ν μν©μ λμ¬ μλ€λ κ²μ μ§μ νλ€.
κ²½κ³μ§λμ λͺ¬μ€ν°μμ κ΄κ³ μ°λ¦¬κ° λ€μν μμκ³Ό μμ°ν κ³Όμ μ λμμ μκ°νλ€λ©΄, κ²½κ³μ§λμ λͺ¬μ€ν°λΌλ κ°λ μ μ°κ²°νλ κ΄κ³μ μ§λλ₯Ό 그릴 μ μλ€.
Monster: occurs when an object refuses to undergo naturalization. Again, βNaturalizationβ refers to the process by which a particular object or concept is accepted as natural and commonplace within a community. However, a monster resists this process of naturalization, remaining a strange and unfamiliar presence within the community.
Borderland: arises when two communities of practice coexist within one person. For example, when an individual holds two or more identities or affiliations at the same time, that person is in the borderland. This concept, proposed by Gloria AnzaldΓΊa, explains that people in the borderland have multiple affiliations but do not fully belong to any one of them.
β¦And feminism has had a great deal to say about this, for borderlands are the naturalized home of those monsters known as cyborgs.
In a practical sense, this is a way to talk about what happens to experience in the science classroom when someone comes in with no experience of formal science. It is not simply a matter of the strangeness, but of the politics of the mapping between the anomalies and the forms of strangeness/marginality.
μ¬μ΄λ³΄κ·Έλ μΈκ°κ³Ό κΈ°κ³μ κ²½κ³λ₯Ό λλ μ‘΄μ¬λ‘, νλμ 곡λ체μ μνμ§ μμΌλ©° κ²½κ³μ μμΉν μ‘΄μ¬μ΄λ€. λλ ν΄λ¬μ¨μ΄λ μ¬μ΄λ³΄κ·Έλ₯Ό κ³ μ λ μ 체μ±μ΄λ μ¬νμ λ²μ£Όμ μ½λ§€μ΄μ§ μλ μ‘΄μ¬λ‘ μ€λͺ νλ©°, μ΄λ κ²½κ³μ§λμμ λνλλ λͺ¬μ€ν°λ€κ³Ό μ°κ²°λλ€. μ ν΅ μ¬ννμ΄ κ³ μ λ λ΄λΆμ/μΈλΆμμ κ΄κ³λ₯Ό λ€λ£¨μ§λ§, μ€μ λ‘λ λ§μ μ¬λλ€μ΄ λ€μν 곡λ체μ μν΄ μκ³ , μ¬λ¬Όμ μμ°νμ μ ννλ κ²½μ°λ μλ€. κ²½κ³μ§λλ λ€μν μμμ΄ κ³΅μ‘΄νλ 곡κ°μ΄λ©°, κ·Έκ³³μμ μμ°νλμ§ μλ λͺ¬μ€ν°κ° λ±μ₯ν μ μμΌλ©°, μ΄λ¬ν κ²½κ³μ μ‘΄μ¬λ μ¬μ΄λ³΄κ·Έμ κ°μ΄ νλ―Έλμ¦ λ΄λ‘ μμ μ€μν μν μ νλ€. "μ΄κ²μ΄ λ°λ‘ μ¬μ΄λ³΄κ·Έμ μ§μ ν κ°λ₯μ±μ λλ€. νμλ€μκ², μ΄κ²μ λ°λμ νμ κ°μ κ²½κ³μ§λμμ μ΄λ£¨μ΄μ§λ νꡬμ΄λ©°, μ¬λ, μ¬λ¬Ό, κ·Έλ¦¬κ³ νν κΈ°μ κ°μ μ ν΅μ μΈ κ²½κ³λ₯Ό λλλλ κ²μ λλ€." |
The relational nature
many-to-many relational mapping
- A mapping between multiple marginality of people(borderlands and monsters) and multiple naturalizations of objects(boundary objects and standards)
μ¬λλ€μ μ’ μ’ μ¬λ¬ μ€μ² 곡λ체μ μν΄μμ§λ§ κ·Έ μμμ μμ ν λ°μλ€μ¬μ§μ§ μκ±°λ κ²½κ³μ μμΉν μ‘΄μ¬λ‘ κ²½νλ μ μλ€. μ΄λ¬ν μ£Όλ³μ±μ κ°μ§ μ¬λλ€μ κ²½κ³μ§λ(borderlands)μ λͺ¬μ€ν°(monsters)μ²λΌ λ 곡λ체 μ¬μ΄μ μμΉνκ² λλλ° λ°λ©΄, κ²½κ³ κ°μ²΄(boundary objects)μ νμ€(standards)μ μ¬λ¬ 곡λμ²΄κ° μλ‘ λ€λ₯Έ λ°©μμΌλ‘ μλ―Έλ₯Ό 곡μ ν μ μκ² ν΄μ£Όλ μ¬λ¬Όμ΄λ€.
μ΄ λ§€ν λͺ¨λΈμ μ¬λ¬ μ£Όλ³μ±μ κ°μ§ μ¬λλ€κ³Ό λ€μν μ€μ² 곡λ체μμ μ¬λ¬ λ°©μμΌλ‘ μμ°νλ κ°μ²΄ κ°μ κ΄κ³λ₯Ό νμ±νλ€. μλ₯Ό λ€μ΄, κ²½κ³ κ°μ²΄λ μλ‘ λ€λ₯Έ 곡λμ²΄κ° κ°μμ νμμ λ°λΌ μμ λ‘κ² ν΄μν μ μλ μ μ°μ±μ κ°μ§λ©°, νμ€μ μ¬λ¬ 곡λ체μμ 곡ν΅μΌλ‘ μ¬μ©λ μ μλ€.
μ΄ λ§€ν κ΄κ³λ μκ°μ΄ μ§λλ©΄μ λ κ°μ§ λ°©μμΌλ‘ λ°μ νλ€.
1. κ°μΈκ³Ό μ§λ¨μ΄ κ²½κ³μ§λμμ ν΅ν©λ μμλ₯Ό νμ±νλ κ³Όμ (i.e. μ½λ¦°μ€μ μμλμμ μ°κ΅¬)
2. μ§μ κ°λ₯ν κ²½κ³ κ°μ²΄λ₯Ό μ°½μ‘°νμ¬ μ¬λ¬ 곡λμ²΄κ° μλ‘ λ€λ₯Έ κ΄μ μ 곡μ ν μ μλ κΈ°λ° λ§λ ¨.
Over time, the mapping is between the means by which individuals and collectives have managed the work of creating coherent selves in the border lands (e.g., Collins, AnzaldΓΊa) on the one hand, and to create durable boundary objects on the other.
many-to-many to meta-relational
The map must point simultaneously to the articulation of selves and the naturalization of objects.
One of the things that is important here is honoring (I wonβt say capturing) the work involved in borderlands and boundary objects.
1.λ€λλ€ κ΄κ³μ±μ λλ λ©ν-κ΄κ³μ±
: λ€λλ€ κ΄κ³λ μ¬λ¬ 곡λ체μ μ¬λ¬ κ°μ²΄ κ°μ μνΈμμ©μ λ»νμ§λ§, λ©ν-κ΄κ³μ±μ κ·Έ μνΈμμ©μ λ ν¬κ΄μ μΌλ‘ λ°λΌλ³΄λ μκ°μ λ§νλ€. μ¦, μμμ μ 체μ±κ³Ό κ°μ²΄μ μλ―Έκ° ν¨κ» μ°κ²°λ λ°©μμΌλ‘ λνλλ©°, μ΄λ€ μ¬μ΄μ κ΄κ³λ κ·Έ μμ²΄λ‘ μμ κ°λ μΌλ‘ λ€λ£¨μ΄μΌ νλ€λ μλ―Έμ λλ€.
2.μμμ ννκ³Ό κ°μ²΄μ μμ°ν
: μμμ νν(articulation of selves)μ κ°μΈμ΄λ μ§λ¨μ΄ μμ μ μ μνκ³ νννλ λ°©μμ μλ―Ένκ³ , κ°μ²΄μ μμ°ν(naturalization of objects)λ κ·Έ κ°μ²΄κ° 곡λ체 μμμ λΉμ°νκ² λ°μλ€μ¬μ§λ κ³Όμ μ λ»νλ€. μ¬κΈ°μ λ©ν-κ΄κ³μ±μ μ΄ λ κ°μ§κ° λμμ μΌμ΄λκ³ μλ‘μκ² μν₯μ λ―ΈμΉλ κ΄κ³λ‘ λ°λΌλ΄μΌ νλ€λ λ».
3.κ²½κ³μ§λμ κ²½κ³ κ°μ²΄μμμ μμ μ‘΄μ€
: μ μλ κ²½κ³μ§λμ κ²½κ³ κ°μ²΄μ κ΄λ ¨λ μμ μ μ‘΄μ€νλ κ²μ μ€μμ±μ κ°μ‘°νλ€. μ¬κΈ°μ κ²½κ³μ§λμ κ²½κ³ κ°μ²΄λ μ¬λλ€μ΄ λ€μ€ 곡λ체μ μνλ©΄μ μμλ₯Ό νννκ³ κ°μ²΄μ μλ―Έλ₯Ό νμ±ν΄κ°λ κ²½κ³μ μμ μ μμ§νλ€. μ μλ μ΄λ₯Ό μ‘΄μ€ν΄μΌ νλ€κ³ νννλλ°, μ¬κΈ°μ βν¬μ°©(capturing)βμ΄λΌλ λ¨μ΄ λμ βμ‘΄μ€(honoring)βμ μ¬μ©ν μ΄μ λ μ΄λ¬ν μμ μ΄ λ¨μν κΈ°λ‘λκ±°λ νλμ νμ λ§μΆ°μ§λ κ²μ΄ μλλΌ, μ‘΄μ€λ°κ³ μ΄ν΄λμ΄μΌ νλ μλμ μΈ κ³Όμ μμ κ°μ‘°νκΈ° μν¨μ λλ€.
This work is almost necessarily invisible from the point of view of any single community of practice: as Collins points out, what white person really sees the work of self-articulation of the black person who is juggling multiple demands/audiences/contingencies? It is not just willful blindness (although it can be that), but much more akin to the blindness between different Kuhnian paradigms, a revolutionary difference. Yet the juggling is both tremendously costly and brilliantly artful.
Articulation Work/Invisible Work
What is the name for this work of managing the overheads and anomalies caused by multiple memberships on the one hand, and multiply naturalized objects on the other? Certainly, it is invisible. Most certainly, it is methodological, in the sense of reflecting on differences between methods and techniques. It is often invisible. Within both symbolic interactionism and the new field of computer-supported cooperative work, the term βarticulation workβ has been used to talk about some forms of this invisible βjugglingβ work (Schmidt and Bannon 1992; Gerson and Star 1986).
Canonically, articulation work is work done in real time to manage contingencies; work that gets things back βon trackβ in the face of the unexpected, that modifies action to accommodate unanticipated contingencies. It is richly found for instance in the work of head nurses, secretaries, homeless people, parents, and air traffic control- lers, although of course all of us do articulation work in order to keep our work going.(μ΄λ μ€μκ°μΌλ‘ λ°μνλ λ³μλ€(μλ₯Ό λ€μ΄ Suchmanμ μ©μ΄λ‘ βμν©μ νλ(situated actions)β)μ΄ μΈμ λ κΈ°μ μ μ¬μ© λ°©μμ λ³νμν€κΈ° λλ¬Έ.)
λ°ν μμ (articulation work)μ μλ‘ λ€λ₯Έ μ¬λλ€μ΄ κ°κ°μ κΈ°μ€κ³Ό κ΄μ μ λ°λΌ μ 보λ₯Ό ν΄μνκ³ μ²λ¦¬νλ μ°¨μ΄λ₯Ό μ‘°μ¨νμ¬ μ λ³΄κ° μΌκ΄λκ² ν΄μλλλ‘ λλ 보μ΄μ§ μλ κ³Όμ μ΄λ€. μ΄ μμ μ΄ μμΌλ©΄ κ°κΈ° λ€λ₯Έ μ μμ κΈ°μ€μΌλ‘ μ λ ₯λ μ 보λ€μ΄ νλμ μμ€ν μμμ μΌκ΄μ±μ μκ² λλ€. μλ₯Ό λ€μ΄, μ΄λ€ μ¬λμ λνλ₯Ό λ²μ£λ‘ λ³΄κ³ λ°μ΄ν°λ² μ΄μ€μμ μ μΈνλ λ°λ©΄, λ€λ₯Έ μ¬λμ μ΄λ₯Ό μλ£ νμλ‘ λ³΄κ³ ν¬ν¨μν€λ μμ΄λ€. μ΄λ κ² λ€μν κΈ°μ€μ΄ λ§λ€μ΄λ΄λ μ°¨μ΄λ λ°μ΄ν° μ¬μ©μμκ² λ³΄μ΄μ§ μκΈ° λλ¬Έμ, κ²°κ΅ μ¬μ©μλ μ΄λ¬ν μ°¨μ΄κ° λ°μλμ§ μμ λ°μ΄ν°λ₯Ό ν΅ν΄ νΈν₯λ κ²°λ‘ μ λ΄λ¦¬κ±°λ βνλμ 보νΈμ μ§λ¦¬βλ‘ λ°μλ€μΌ μνμ μ²νκ² λλ€. λ°ν μμ μ λ°λ‘ μ΄λ¬ν 보μ΄μ§ μλ μ°¨μ΄λ₯Ό λλ¬λ΄κ³ μ‘°μ νμ¬, μ λ³΄κ° κ· ν μκ² ν΄μλ μ μλλ‘ ν¨μΌλ‘μ¨ λ€μν κ΄μ μ΄ λ°μλ ν΄μμ κ°λ₯νκ² νλ κ².
Articulation work as the role of managing discrepancies between memberships and naturalization
1.mismatches between memberships(μμ) and naturalization
: μλ‘ λ€λ₯Έ 곡λ체μ μν μ¬λλ€μ΄ ν κ³³μμ νλ ₯ν λ, κ° κ³΅λ체μ κΈ°λμ κ·λ²μ΄ λ€λ₯΄κΈ° λλ¬Έμ λΆμΌμΉκ° μκΈ΄λ€. 2.anomalies management
: μ΄μ νμμ μμ λ°μ κ°μμ΄λ μ€λ¨μ μλ―Ένλ©°, μλ‘ λ€λ₯Έ κ·λ²κ³Ό κΈ°λκ° λ§λ¬Όλ¦΄ λ λ°μνλ μκΈ°μΉ μμ μν©μ΄λ€. μ΄λ¬ν κ°μμ μ΄λ€ μ¬λμ΄ μμκ³Ό λ€λ₯Έ νλμ νκ±°λ, νΉμ κ°μ²΄κ° μμλ νλ¦μ λ°©ν΄ν λ λ°μνλ€. λ°ν μμ μ μ΄λ° μ΄μ νμμ μΆμ νκ³ μ‘°μ¨νμ¬, 곡λ체 κ°μ νλ ₯μ μννκ² νλ μν μ ν¨. 3.impossibility of glass box technology
: ν¬λͺ κΈ°μ μ λͺ¨λ κ²μ μμ ν ν¬λͺ νκ² λ³΄μ¬μ£Όκ³ κ΄λ¦¬ν μ μλ κΈ°μ μ μλ―Ένλ€. νμ§λ§ μ¬λ¬ 곡λμ²΄κ° λͺ¨μΌ λλ μλ‘ λ€λ₯Έ κΈ°λμ κ·λ²μΌλ‘ μΈν΄ νμ μ΄μ νμμ΄ λ°μνκΈ° λλ¬Έμ, λͺ¨λ μν©μ μλ²½ν ν¬λͺ νκ² κ΄λ¦¬νλ κ²μ μ΄λ ΅ -> μλ‘ λ€λ₯Έ 곡λμ²΄κ° νλ ₯νλ κΈ°μ μ λͺ¨λ 곡λ체μ κΈ°λλ₯Ό λμμ μΆ©μ‘±μν€κΈ° μ΄λ ΅κ³ , μ΄λ¬ν κ³Όμ μμ μ°¨μ΄μ μΆ©λμ΄ μκΈΈ μλ°μ μλ€. 4.creating monsters
: μ¬λ¬ 곡λ체μ λ€μν κ΄μ κ³Ό κΈ°λλ₯Ό μΈμ νμ§ μκ³ νλμ κΈ°μ€μ κ°μν λ βλͺ¬μ€ν°βκ° μκΈ΄λ€κ³ μ μλ κ³μ μ€λͺ νλ€. μ¬κΈ°μ λͺ¬μ€ν°λ μ¬λ¬ μμκ³Ό κΈ°μ€μ΄ μΆ©λνλ©΄μ λ°μν μΌκ΄μ± μλ μμ€ν μ΄λ μμΈλ μ‘΄μ¬λ₯Ό μμ§νλλ°, μλ‘ λ€λ₯Έ μ λΉμ±μ κ°μ§ 곡λ체λ€μ΄ λ€μ€μ κΈ°λλ₯Ό μμ©νμ§ μμΌλ©΄, κ²°κ΅ μΌλΆ 곡λ체μ κ΄μ μ΄ λ¬΄μλκ±°λ μ΅μλλ©°, κ·Έ κ²°κ³Ό μΆ©λνλ μμ€ν μ΄λ 괴리κ°μ΄ ν° μ‘΄μ¬κ° λ°μνκ² λλ μν©.
The ideals of transparency and naturalization and their practical limitations
1.the ideal goals of transparency and naturalization
: μ΄λ‘ μ μΌλ‘λ, μμ°νμ μ΅μ’ λ¨κ³λ λͺ¨λ κ°μ²΄κ° μμ ν ν¬λͺ μ±μ μ»λ μ§μ μ΄λΌκ³ λ³Ό μ μλ€. μ¦, κ°μ²΄λ κ°λ μ΄ νΉμ 곡λ체 μμμ μμ ν μμ°μ€λ¬μμ Έ, μμ¬μ΄λ μ€λͺ μμ΄ λΉμ°νκ² λ°μλ€μ¬μ§λ μνλ₯Ό λ»νλ κ². λ§μ°¬κ°μ§λ‘, μμκ°μ μ΅μ’ λͺ©νλ 곡λ체μ μ€μ¬μ μν μ νκ±°λ, μμ ν μ λΉμ±μ νλνλ κ²μ΄λ€. μ΄ μνμμλ 곡λ체μ λͺ¨λ κ·λ²κ³Ό κΈ°λμ μ ν©ν μ‘΄μ¬κ° λμ΄, λ μ΄μ μλ¬Έμ΄λ κ°λ± μμ΄ μΈμ λ°κ² λλ€. 2.practical limitations
: κ·Έλ¬λ νμ€ μΈκ³μμλ μ΄λ¬ν μνκ° λ³Έμ§μ μΌλ‘ λΆκ°λ₯νλ€λ κ²μ΄λ€. κ·Έ μ΄μ λ λͺ¨λ μ¬λμκ² λ€μν μμκ°μ΄ μμΌλ©°, μλ‘μ΄ κ΅¬μ±μμ΄λ μ΄λ°©μΈμ΄ μ§μμ μΌλ‘ λ±μ₯νκ³ , κ°μ²΄λ κ°λ μ΄ μ¬λ¬ λ§₯λ½μμ κ°κ° λ€λ₯Έ λ°©μμΌλ‘ μμ°νλκΈ° λλ¬Έμ΄λ€. λ°λΌμ μΌμμ μΌλ‘ μ΄λ° μ΄μμ μνμ κ°κΉμμ§λ μκ°μ΄ μλλΌλ, μ΄λ λΆμμ νκ³ μ§μλμ§ λͺ»νλ κ². 3.things that make objects and statuses seem given, durable, real
: μμ°νκ° μμ ν ν¬λͺ μ±μ λλ¬νμ§ λͺ»νλλΌλ, μ΄λ€ μμλ€μ΄ κ°μ²΄μ μ§μλ₯Ό νμ€μ μ΄κ³ κ²¬κ³ ν κ²μΌλ‘ λκ»΄μ§κ² λ§λλμ§κ° μ€μνλ€. 3-1. ?
: μ΄λ€ κ°μ²΄λ μ§μκ° μ¬νμ μΌλ‘ λΉμ°νκ² λ°μλ€μ¬μ§κ³ κ·Έ μ‘΄μ¬κ° μμ μ μΌλ‘ μ¬κ²¨μ§κ² λ§λ λ€λ μλ―Έ. μ΄λ μ΄λ€ κ°λ μ΄λ κ°μ²΄κ° νλμ 곡λ체μμ λ무λλ μ΅μν΄μ§κ³ μμ°μ€λ¬μμ Έμ, κ·Έ μ‘΄μ¬μ μν μ μλ¬Έμ νμ§ μκ³ λ§μΉ νμ°μ μ΄κ³ λΉμ°ν κ²μΌλ‘ λ°μλ€μΈλ€λ λ».
e.g. μ€λ§νΈν°: μ€λ§νΈν°μ μ΄μ νλ μνμμ λ§€μ° μ€μν κ°μ²΄κ° λμκ³ , λ§μΉ νμνμ²λΌ μ¬κ²¨μ§λ€. μ€λ§νΈν°μ κΈ°λ₯κ³Ό μν μ λ무λ μμ°μ€λ¬μμ Έμ, κ·Έ μ‘΄μ¬ μ체λ₯Ό λ μ΄μ μμ¬νμ§ μκ³ λΉμ°νκ² λ°μλ€μ΄κ² λ κ². μ΄λ μ€λ§νΈν°μ΄ νμ€μ μΌλ‘ νμμ μΈ κ²μ²λΌ λκ»΄μ§λλ‘ λ§λ€μ΄μ‘μμ λ»νλ€.
e.g. μ¬νμ μ§μ: μλ₯Ό λ€μ΄, μμ¬λΌλ μ§μ μ μ§μλ 곡λ체 λ΄μμ νμμ μ΄κ³ μ λ’°λ°λ μν λ‘ μ리 μ‘μ μλ€. μ¬λλ€μ μμ¬μ μ‘΄μ¬μ μν μ λ무λλ λΉμ°νκ² λ°μλ€μ΄κΈ° λλ¬Έμ, μμ¬μ μ§μκ° λ§μΉ νμ°μ μ΄κ³ μμ μ μΈ κ²μ²λΌ λκ»΄μ§κ² λ κ².