User:Tash/grad interviews

Interview 01: Devi Asmarani

Date: 16-10-2018
Format: Skype interview

Devi Asmarani is the editor in chief of Magdalene, one of the first progressive feminist online magazines in Indonesia. Devi's practice as a journalist is relevant to my research because she works in the alternative publishing sector, using online & social media platforms to reach her predominantly urban audience.

In their own words: "We channel the voices of feminists, pluralists and progressives, or just those who are not afraid to be different, regardless of their genders, colors, or sexual preferences. We aim to engage, not alienate."

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N: Tell me a little bit about how Magdalene started.

D: We started in 2013. It was co-founded by me and a couple of journalist friends. We all came from a mainstream journalistic background, mainly news. I used to work for the Jakarta Post, for the Straits times, for many years – a total of fourteen years.

When I quit journalism, it was because I was tired – not of doing the news, but I was tired of the fact that it didn’t seem as if the things I was writing was making any impact. I was covering Indonesian news, so a lot of corruption cases, a lot of political stories. But nothing ever changed, it was just business as usual. So I quit.

A few years later my friend Hera and I, who was also a freelancing at the time, started talking about returning to journalism, but this time we wanted to do something different. So that’s how we pretty much started Magdalene. We decided that it should be a women-focused publication, and that it should be substantive. So we are not going to cover the things that the usual women-focused publications do. We are going to be issue-based, hard-hitting and progressive. And we are not going to be shy of issues that are considered taboo. So that’s how we started.

So when we first came out, in September 2013, people were pretty shocked by our content. We talked freely about things that are not covered in the usual, not just women’s publications, but mainstream publications. We covered LGBT issues. We covered issues like menstruation very frankly… sex, religion. You know, and [we talked about] all of the norms [in Indonesian society] that have been taken for granted but that have created a lot of restrictions for women, impacting women’s lives.

That’s where we started. It’s been five years now. We are very small, and everything’s been mainly self-funded. Since last year, we have had a little bit of income, but we survive mainly because we don’t have an office yet and are still working remotely. We have a small team. But we’re going to receive some grants and investments soon so hopefully we can keep growing.

N: Would you say that when you started, yours was one of the first publications of this kind in Indonesia?

D: Yes, I would definitely say so. I didn’t see any platform that was similar to ours until a few years after we came out. And even then, they didn’t really catch up. There was one or two that came out, and then disappeared. I think it’s partly because as alternative media organisations, we require – in one way or another – endurance, and journalistic capacity. And the platforms which came after us often didn’t have that journalistic background. And probably, just like us, they had their own day jobs to take care of. So it takes some sacrifice.

N: How has being online helped you when it comes to endurance? I see for example that Magdalene now has a podcast series. Can you talk a bit about that?

D: The reason we started that is a bit personal, because Hera and I love podcasts. We think it’s a different way of telling stories, a different way of getting your perspective out there. And it’s very personal in a way, because most people listen to podcasts alone in their car, or with their headphones… You don’t usually listen with others. So I think it’s very effective in getting your message across. And our podcasts are mostly interviews.

N: And how do you use social media?

D: Well social media is the main channel through which we distribute our content. Within the first year of our existence, we decided to hire someone to do social media exclusively. This showed that we really saw social media as an important tool to get our content out there; because people no longer go to a website on their own these days, they are always being pushed content through social media.

And also social media is a way to engage our readers. We can gauge their interest in us, through whether they share our content, and how they comment on it. So we can gauge our readers’ interests and passion in an issue through social media. Also, we can get to know them. Sometimes I see somebody who comments on our stories, and I’ll go click on their profile, just to see, who is this person? Why is this person saying this?

N: The immediacy of social media is definitely interesting. Have there also been challenges when it comes to using social media? How do you handle discussions that turn sour?

D: Yeah, of course, that happens. But it’s not so bad. We don’t have as many haters as we would think. Maybe that’s because we’re still quite small. I mean on Twitter we have something like 24.000 followers, and on Facebook not as many. We’ve been doing it very organically, we don’t spend money on ads or promotion. So a lot of the time we really rely on celebrity endorsement. Some actor or comedian will start following us and tweeting our posts and within days we’ll get thousands of new followers, from outside our traditional base of readers. So that’s very interesting.

In a sense, I think that this slow, organic growth is the reason why we don’t have so many haters yet. I think once we really get out there, once we have an investor and really expand, that’ll be a different story.

But you know what, I’m also very pleased that a lot of our content gets people to talk. It doesn’t always have to be positive, or praises. We get a lot of criticism on our stories on religion, for example. Surprisingly, one of our most negatively commented stories that have gone viral, is a story about Agnez Monica. She’s one of the most famous people in Indonesia, and she has this ambition to go international. And we did a critical story on her, basically looking at how she uses orientalism to do that. And there were a lot of people who hated that story, who said that we didn’t do her justice.

And I think it shows that our negative commenters don’t just come from where we would assume they would (people from the right, maybe religious or conservative people). We also get criticism from the left, from the extreme left, or even from the LGBT community, as was in the case of Agnez Monica. Many of her fans came from the LGBT community. But I think this is great. I really don’t see this as an obstacle to our mission as an organisation.

N: Yeah, and from my research so far it definitely feels like the question is not whether social media itself is good or bad, it’s about what discussions are being had under the post.

D: Yeah. We had this thing recently, a Tweet-talk, where we invite people to ask questions about an issue. The first one was on sex toys, and it was quite a success, because there are not that many platforms in the Indonesian context who would cover this issue. And we had somebody who was very knowledgeable and insightful on this issue to talk about it. So we also use social media to really engage our audience. Bringing them issues that they would usually not be able to engage actively or interactively with.

N: Is there one issue that you think is most difficult to talk about right now?

D: I don’t think so… At Magdalene we are quite happy to talk about anything. The more controversial the better. What I do find hard, or something that personally, I’m becoming more restrictive of myself, and more reluctant to talk about, are issues that divide feminists. It’s within the movement itself that I see a lot of friction. And often these are based on some fundamental differences, which I think should not be a challenge to working together and bringing positive impact to society at large… but I think there’s still a lot of this stuff that is not being resolved withint the movement. And it’s kind of giving a bad name to the movement. People say things like that feminists are fighting amongst themselves. That’s not good.

So when we are covering issues like that, sometimes we need to think twice. One example is when we covered the badminton player Jojo at the Asian Games, the guy who took his shirt off during a game and got all the women in Indonesia all ‘hot and bothered’… [Magdalene challenged the way Indonesian media objectified Jojo, instead of focusing on his sporting achievements] So we had opinions from both sides on that case. And we like that, but of course, on social media there are people who just cannot see beyond a difference in opinion. And I don’t think that helps.

N: I agree. I think it’s really hard on these big platforms, you see that people are just passing each other by in the comment section, and sort of yelling into the void. They’re not actually talking to each other. That’s something that I wish I could change about social media. I wish there was a platform that was designed to do that better.

D: It’s tough. But yeah, maybe some day!

N: Maybe as a last question, could you talk a bit about the state of politics and censorship in general in Indonesia? How do you see the media landscape now? Do you see it opening up in the near future? Or is it something you worry about?

D: Well I entered journalism in 1996. So to me that was the heyday of journalism in Indonesia. It was a time that was very turbulent, but also very hopeful. It was a transformative period. And as a journalist I learnt a lot, and I saw how media and journalism can really impact society. And I can say this because I grew up under Soeharto, where the media was basically just doing what was dictated. And if they so much as strayed from what the government wanted them to be, it was the end for them. I saw many media organisations being banned by the Soeharto regime. So the end of the 90s, twenty years ago, it was such a wonderful time – it was the Reformation Era.

But I think slowly it has been going downhill in terms of freedom of the press, and freedom of expression. And it’s not so much because of government intervention, or an increasingly restrictive government, it’s more to do with identity politics and also with the creeping conservatism in the country. I have seen clearly that this society has become so much more conservative in the last ten years. This influence can be felt everywhere. In education, in bureaucracy, in politics of course (although here a lot of it is very opportunistic). But basically it’s everywhere, and you can see this in the way religion is being practiced, in the talk and the discourse on religion. And social and digital media contributes to this. On the one hand it really spreads information fast and indiscriminately, and on the other hand it really groups people and lets people exist within their own echo chambers.

I think all of this affects freedom of press a lot. What happens is, I think a lot of the time the media censor themselves – they’re engaging in self-censorship – in order to prevent being accused of things like insulting religion, or any other thing that people often use to attack others.

And I think these conservative values have also creeped into some of the media organisations. I’m not saying all, but some are getting there. I know for a fact that some news rooms, the leadership in the news rooms have adopted a more conservative stance, and it shows in the way they cover and frame the news.

But there’s also a commercial aspect to it. Nowadays there are hundreds of digital media organisations in Indonesia. And this doesn’t always bring better quality content. One of the reasons is that they are all owned by just a few media companies. I think most of them are owned by the same 13 media groups. So of course they are dictated; they don’t have a lot of freedoms in terms of the content. A lot of the owners are also politicians or political players. But they also have these high demands; they cannot really stray from this path that has been created by the likes of detik.com – this low quality content, that is assumed to be what the Indonesian readers want out of their digital media. So there are not that many publications who can step out of that, and say: ‘we don’t care about being the fastest or giving the most, but we care about giving the best’. I still see some like that, like Tirto ID, Katadata, and a few more. They’re out there creating content that is not necessarily always popular, but at least they are thoughtful.

So if you ask me how things are going [for Indonesian journalism], it’s not really that great at the moment. There’s the society aspect, the conservatism, there’s the political factor, and then there’s the commercial factor. I’m sure it’s gonna get better again, but I think right now, the Indonesian readers are not being served the best for their own good, basically.

N: Yes, I really feel like it’s a weird, but exciting time. I’m seeing more alternative media than ever before, and I’m meeting like-minded people through these platforms, like I met you. But at the same time I feel more restricted or even uncomfortable talking about certain things.

D: Yeah… I think because of the situation, people who want better content are really turning more and more to alternative media. That creates space for alternative media to exist, basically. But on the other hand, we cannot exist as alternative media forever. Magdalene is not a non-profit. I don’t come from an activist background; I cannot spend my time looking for grants, writing proposals and justifying my spending to my donor. So for us to be sustainable, we have to make profit. So that is one thing that we really need to work on, to find the point where we can exist and grow, but at the same time we don’t turn back on our traditional readers and our mission and vision.

Interview 02: Geger Agung

Date: 25-10-2018
Format: Email interview

Geger Agung is a member of Lifepatch, a community-based organization focused on the arts, technology and science. Founded by a group of Indonesian artists and scientists in 2012, the so-called 'citizen initiative' is a collaborative space which invites members and like-minded individuals to research, explore and develop the relationship between technology, art, and natural and human resources. Members of Lifepatch are domiciled in various cities such as Yogyakarta, Pekanbaru and Bogor. This is the main reason that lifepatch relies on most of its communication via the internet, and especially its Wiki page.

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On social media & politics

1. What kinds of news sources do you follow and why? Are these mainstream or alternative media?

Kalau saya perhatikan Lifepatch lebih banyak mengikuti sumber terkait sins dan tenologi, seni budaya, baik itu yang berjejaring dengan lifepatch atau lingkaran teman-teman, atau yang sering bekerja bersama dengan Lifepatch. Ada yang mainstream adapula yang media alternative.

2. How important is social media in your daily life / at work? When and why do you use it?

Sosial media digunakan untuk menyampaikan informasi terkait kegiatan, agenda atau workshop yang dilaksanakan/diikuti oleh Lifepatch karena sejauh ini media sosial menjadi media paling mudah untuk menjangkau para teman Lifepatch atau "followers" - bisa diakses oleh semua anggota Lifepatch juga (semua jadi admin) - mudah digunakan namun tetap terpantau oleh semua anggota.

3. What do you think about the impact of social media and meme culture in Indonesian politics?

Sejauh ini Lifepatch menggunakan sosial media untuk kepentingan seperti yang disampaikan di nomer dua, untuk sebar info agenda, kegiatan, atau akhir-akhir ini terkait galang donasi untuk bencana di Sulawesi. Lifepatch secara organisasi tidak pernah tertarik dengan issue politik atau meme culture. Kecuali mungkin menjadi "bahan canda" sebagian anggota secara pribadi di sosial media masing-masing tanpa melibatkan Lifepatch.

4. What platforms or tools do you think are needed to encourage more young people to become socially engaged?

Pemanfaatan internet dan sosial media dengan "gajet" masing-masing rasanya bisa menjadi media yang sekarang ini sangat tinggi pengaruhnya. Bisa untuk pengaruh baik dan buruk, untuk berbagai kepentingan pula (politik, ekonomi, media kampanye sosial, kampanye lingkungan, promosi, dll) - pilihan lifepatch, sosial media sebagai media berjejaring dan mengajak para pembaca (termasuk orang muda) untuk terlibat dengan kegiatan terkait lifepatch (biasanya termasuk kerja-kerja DIY (do it yourself), DIWO (do it with others) DITO (do it together) yang biasa dipromosikan dan didorong oleh lifepatch dalam workshop2nya.)

On censorship in Indonesia

1. What are your experiences with censorship in Indonesia? How has this changed over the years?

Selama lifepatch berdiri belum pernah mengalami "penyensoran" secara langsung. Rasanya sekarang semakin terbuka dan semakin banyak orang yang bisa secara bebas menyampaikan pendapat dengan banyak cara di Media. Namun demikian benar, dari pengamatan pribadi kalau berita atau kejadian yang khususnya terkait Papua ada sedikit sekali keterbukaan. Sangat sedikit media mainstream yang meliputnya. Justru media alternative yang lebih "berani". Sensorship akan merepotkan kalau pukul rata, semacam ketika Kominfo memblokir Vimeo, Tumblr, dll termasuk Netflix :) ... karena ada banyak kontent positif juga di sana.

2. Do you think the internet has a positive impact on freedom of speech / expression in Indonesia?
Saya sepakat internet mendukung peningkatan "kebebasan berbicara / menyampaikan pendapat" di Indonesia - namun bisa jadi banyak jga yang "kebablasan" atau malah "bebas tapi ngawur" sampai menjadi hatespeech / ujaran kebencian atau hal yang memunculkan perseteruan yang lain. Ada banyak internet yang posotif ada pula yang berakibat negatif.

3. What tactics do you use to resist censorship or talk about sensitive subjects?
Lifepatch jarang terkoneksi dengan politik secara langsung, artinya tidak ada kontent yang perlu disensor dalam media yang dipakai oleh Lifepatch. Terkait hal yang sensitive ada cara-cara personal atau berbicara secara langsung yang lebih biasa untuk masyarakat Indonesia.

4. If you could change one thing about the media landscape in Indonesia, what would it be?
Mengubah satu hal bisa jadi adalah bentuk sensorship, pemblokiran atau pelarangan pada hal yang lain - tetapi kalau bisa ya mengurangi hatespeech / hoax karena itu cukup riskan - ada lebih banyak internet posotif yang bisa lebih membangun kemanusiaan, lingkungan, kemasyarakatan dan perdamaian dunia yang nyata.

Interview 03: Reinaart Vanhoe

Date: 09-11-2018
Format: In person meeting, informal talk

Reinaart is an artist and researcher whose practice takes place in and between the Netherlands and Indonesia. He is the author of 'Also-Space: From Hot to Something Else: How Indonesian Art Initiatives Have Reinvented Networking', and is regular participant in the Indonesian art scene. He works mostly with art collectives Ruangrupa, Jatiwangi Art Factory, Kunci Centre for Cultural Studies, and Forum Lenteng.

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Some notable points from our talk:

"The last time I went to Indonesia, I worked on a project with JAF (Jatiwangi Art Factory). I have to say, it was the first time I ever heard the word 'Intel' being thrown around. The artists were talking about the possibility of people from the local police or government spying on our activities. That made things very intense for me."

"Other than that, I've never experienced any censorship as an artist in Indonesia. Not by the government. Though in the last few years, especially in our work in Majalengka with JAF, we've had to deal with some extremely conservative Islam communities. One project was an initiative which ended up involving quite a radical book shop / library. We were supposed to provide a printer for them. I tried really hard to get out of it. Because I didn't want our project to be used for printing books about syariah. But in the end they disagreed, we had to do it."

"There are a lot of artist collectives in Indonesia, and they are connected to each other. They used to work more closely with each other, but lately there have been some falling outs between them."

"I met Ade, the co-founder of Ruangrupa, at the Royal Academy of Arts here in the Netherlands. She went back to Indonesia right after the whole thing happened in 1998 to start the collective."

"Other collectives / figures you should look at are: Acehouse, Akumassa, C20 Surabaya, Grafis Huru Hara, Kata Kerja, Hyphen Publishing house, Marjin Kiri."

Interview 04: Annissa Waworuntu

Date: 09-11-2018
Format: email interview

Annissa is a personal friend. She is Indonesian, born and raised in Bali, and currently living in Jakarta. She has a bachelor in International Relations and is an active citizen and netizen.

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On social media and politics in Indonesia

1. Where and how do you get your news? Do you follow more mainstream or alternative sources?

I get my news mostly from online resources, i.e. websites of news medias and some reliable pages on social media as well. During my uni days, I had the daily headlines delivered into my mailbox from the mainstream medias, eg. Kompas, Guardian, Jkt Post, CNN, Foreign Policy, etc. Though I dont check them as much anymore, but still read the online sources for articles. For a much less mainstream source, social media is super useful to access those perspectives on demand. Eg. Tempo, PinterPolitik, VICE, NowThisnews, Politico, Broadly, Huffington post, MotherBoard which I access from Instagram, and also some youtube sources such as NARASI, and CNN Indonesia. For my studies, it was important go through both mainstream and alternative medias to give a more complete perspective.

2. How important is social media in your daily life / at work? How has this changed through the years?

I think social media has taken a larger part of my daily life more than I’d like. With it being the communication tool most relied upon, its hard to not let it. More than that, it has also grown to be the source of entertainment as well as medium for resources, just like how I needed to access those news outlets above. Even most of the work and projects, within or outside of my uni’s student body, social media have became the most used tool for promotion, communication, and research, so it has certainly became an important part of most organisations and institutions.

Before, social media had just been a form to connect and maintain relationships with people, like back in the days where we would just check Facebook to follow ups for pics of the friday night house parties. But as social media itself evolved, my perspective (and probably everyone else’s too) about it has also evolved. It has impacted so much on society, lifestyle and mentalities that its really hard to detach from it nowadays. That’s why I think its important for me to always have an instagram hiatus every once in a while. Now at least Im trying to make it have a lesser impact on myself.

3. What do you think about the impact of social media in Indonesian politics? I think that social media has made such a big impact on Indonesian politics. No longer traditional media dominating the information canals, social media is able to break open the initial gatekeepers. It is often used as a tool for political interests by political actors, to shape perspectives, to promote/share values, etc. It is way harder to control the information that flows through social media, thus, easier for political actors to frame the reputation it wants. Political discourse/debates/attacs (or should i say ranting?) that often happens facebook’s timeline or instagram's the comment section have become my parent’s generation’s favourite pre-bed reading material. The people’s participation can be seen through these platforms, the rapidly moving of information through reposts, usage of memes, and blowing ups of issues that may or may not cause concern towards the people, making social media such an influential platform that both help shape and mess up Indonesian politics.

4. What do you think is the biggest challenge in getting young Indonesians to be more engaged in politics?

Indonesian youth’s disengagement towards politics may be mostly challenged by the rise of other topics that dominate the generation. For instance, it may be more important for the individual to take a proper selfie and creating their social media persona, than the discussions of politics. Furthermore, with the rise of social media’s influence, youth’s attention is strongly dominated by “whats trending” topics, if its not the hype, then it would be most likely not be important to them. Indonesian youth is the perfect example of being the victims of trends.

However, often the topics of politics became “trending” because of how easy information about it is flows and accessed nowadays, being helped by social media to become “ hype". For instance, pictures of Ratna Sarumpaet having allegedly been beaten up by “strangers” had become viral on social media, causing anger to many parties while presidential candidate, Prabowo, had backed her on the declaration. Sarumpaet later admitted to lying, not wanting to complicate the situation and putting the opposition, that is Jokowi’s coalition, as the bad guy. Prabowo and everyone involved were later accused of being responsible on spreading a hoax to the people of Indonesia. The issue of Sarumpaet and the attempt to tackle HOAXES had become viral and gravitated so much attention from youth or non youth, pulling them into the discussions of politics. Therefore, social media has made a so much easier medium for engaging in politics. I must say though, the millennial generation are rarely interested in taking part in becoming members of political parties, despite the emergence of Partai Solidaritas Indonesia, which is the country’s party for milennials.

Moreover, i think that the youth generation are becoming more concerned and aware of the disatisfaction/satisfaction that they feel in relation to politics. Often, the youth are participating in discussions and talks about the politics that is happening, becoming opinionated and smarter in choosing the representatives or leaders of the country.

On censorship in Indonesia

1. How do you experience censorship in Indonesia? Has this changed over the years? What about self-censorship?

I think that in my opinion, since the anti-pornography laws, censorship has increased in Indonesian media. Particularly in online content, as websites such as Vimeo and Tumblr have been blocked, limiting access for creativity. The government’s argument is that the websites have pornographic content but really thats not all tumblr is for. On top of that, I think that Indonesian TV and theatres have sadly been limited. Which sucks cause i remember the old Warkop DKI being lowkey inserting sexual innuendos, which was so awesome, while recent TV is mostly on “love” or “ religious” topics. While in recent times, they blocked Noah from playing in Indonesian theatres because the depiction of the story were not the same as the Quran.

So I guess in this case, the government kinda tries to stand clear off anything that may offend religious Eastern values, considering the country’s majority of people. Regarding self-censorship, there is a degree of that in freedom of speech, especially regarding SARA (suku, agama, ras, antar golongan) as was the issue with Ahok’s prosecution, (which was really unnecessary and heavily politicised in my opinion). Sebenernya itu pun karena kebawa BAPER doang dan dilaporin.

I feel I can freely and openly criticize the government if i wanted to, in any medium i think would be appropriate, but i guess i do feel to a certain extent i feel like i just have to be careful about offending a group of people. certain topics i am passionate about, lets say communism and socialism, or LGBT rights are also sensitive dan sebenernya bisa2 aja sih kalo aku mau bahas, tapi ya harus understanding the risks aja that I might be faced with intimidation and the likes of it should it get that far. Pilihan aja, mau suarakan pendapat dan dihadapi intimidasi atau cemoohan orang, atau ngga gituu.

2. Do you feel safe engaging in debate or talking about sensitive subjects online?

Well yes and no, cause i don’t think I feel i need to target a certain group of people. But you’re always prone to not-being-safe, one way or another, I guess. Apalagi tentang religion, i do feel its easy to trigger the society if its that particular topic. I often participate in the debates online and/or participate in the comment section, seringnya ngebahas feminism, LGBT, religion, communism/socialism, etc. It is sensitive but I think as long as I engage with it in ethical methods, akan baik2 aja sih.

Belum lagi tentang isu hoax yang akhir2 ini make the government anxious, that they may be able to prosecute just anyone (super hard to prove someone is responsible for sharing hoax, anyone can be prosecuted).

3. What subjects do you feel we should talk about more (as a nation), that we currently don’t?

Banyak sih, the thing is with the indonesian people, you’re no longer talking about simply differences in opinion gitu, but mainly about the mentalitynya orang2 indonesia that have been highly influenced by the culture, norms and religion, making it extra hard to penetrate. But mainly taboo topics sih yang menurutku important. Like lets say, sexual education, child marriages, mental health, feminism, LGBT, left-leaning topics such as communism and socialism seharusnya di embrace as not so much a bad thing. <ass killing that occurred di jaman orde baru, by Soeharto and his friends, the powers of the elite.