User:Angeliki/Grad-Abstracts & Synopsis

Karen O`rourke. Walking and Mapping: Artists as Cartographers (2013)

This book is related to my research because it is a detailed documentation on projects related to locative media, public space and walking embedded by sound, text and other media. Thus it can give me an insight of this intersection of art and media the last decades. It connects with other more theoretical texts of my research.

Abstract

The book is an approach to make a differentiated map. It is a collection of artistic practices focusing on walking. The writer combines these examples of works that he personally experienced zooming in and out the concept of walking and mapping as an artistic practice since 70s. These approaches are blurring the borders between the fields of art and others.
In the first chapter he starts by describing a contemporary walking project and then generalize the process by referring to the terms psychogeography and drifting, as explained by Debord. He describes then more walking projects till the time of 90s in which artists, and not only, are using algorithms, GPS, low-tech media technologies, political strategies, their own bodies and most importantly are interacting with the public. By walking and giving scores and instructions to themselves they reveal hidden narratives, re-claim the streets with the motivation of understanding their surroundings. Some awkwardness and playfulness characterizes these projects, that reveals the city’s underlying structure and re-appropriates the language.
In the second chapter the author emphasizes the process of walking as a fundamental biological action. She refers to examples of artists who experimented with the practice of walking as a ‘mechanic of everyday movement’. Gradually artists moved to the listening of everyday outside sounds. After this historical recall the author comes back to the present by describing her personal experience as a participant to an augmented walking created by Janet Cardiff. O’ Rourke analyses the project and relates it to art works from the past like surrealist novels and land art. According to her, these artistic experiences, in contrast to past binaural sound works, trigger the audience to move through the space while listening. She concludes that walking as an art practice may resemble to architectural practices.

Synopsis
2nd chapter:

In this chapter the author emphasizes the process of walking as a fundamental biological action that depends on the body networks as an attempt for balancing with surroundings. She refers to examples of artists and especially dancers who experimented with the practice of walking as a ‘mechanic of everyday movement’. Artists like Yvonne Rainer tended to perceive body and movement as abstract terms disconnected from their context and were exploring their mechanism by creating scores for movement. He refers then to the involvement of repetition in that process that was intensively used by many different fields in 60s. The repetitive walking explored by dancers was opening up the space and time of action. The studio was becoming a space for an eternal repetitive movement. Such activities expanded in the realm of theatre with Beckett creating a piece were actors were moving repetitively following the same pattern on stage. Gradually the author moves in the next step of these attempts which was the involvement of everyday outside sounds. The art was blending with life. After that artists started to explore movement while listening sounds outside. “(R)eceptivity is not passivity”(O’ Rourke, pg. 34) as Dewey said for the audience who was just walking and listening its surrounding. After this historical recall the author comes back to present by describing her personal experience as a participant to the project Her Long Black Hair of Janet Cardiff. The project is about an augmented walking in the streets of New York. Cardiff created an audio consisted of her spoken words while walking a path, describing events from the past, history, fiction and mythology, sound samples from the spot and music. Together with the headphones and sound device also photos of past events were given to the participants. O’ Rourke analyses the project and relates it to similar narratives created by surrealists in the past where the images, as the sounds for Cardiff, “replace verbal desrciptions” (O’ Rourke, pg. 43). She talks about the dialectical landscape and the relation of her art with land art of Robert Smithson: the multiple layers of narratives reveal the “endless maze of relations and interconnections” of the landscape. According to her even though these artistic experiences resemble binaural sound and Théâtrophone from the past, they have a big difference: the audience doesn’t stay still listening the piece.

She concludes that walking, perceived as an art form first by Richard Long, “may be a form of architecture” as “we shape space as we go”(O’ Rourke, pg. 43). She gives an example of the project Here While We Walk in which a group of participants were walking silently inside an elastic band forming a mobile architecture of individuals focusing on perceiving themselves being in the present.

My opinion is that these contemporary examples of psychogeography keep a continuous line with the attention on insignificant and daily events as artistic process, on the base of the concept of Michel de Charteau in The Practice of Everyday Life. On the other hand I am wondering what these abstract entities and events represent today as they are related to a mental perception developed by the Western art spheres. Their indirect connection with political, cultural and social connotations provoke interestingly different perspectives of the surrounding and our bodies. But how this can be translated in our multicultural and multilayered environments?

Sarah Kanouse. Take It to the Air: Radio as Public Art (2011)

This text talks specifically about artists using the radio as a radical tool to raise questions on public spheres. It provides technical and conceptual details of the projects. It highlights the urgency to learn the radio technology and spectrum in this era of control even though it is believed to be an old, inactive medium. This argument can strengthen my statement and involvement with the radio medium.

Abstract
The text introduces radio as an active medium of public art. Since 1920 the radio was criticized as a wasteland of commercials and state propaganda that separated the practitioners from the public. Tight regulations restricted the electromagnetic public sphere and artists didn’t engage deeply believing that it was an unrealized social space. Only pirate radio practitioners could interrogate the public, critical and political aspects of radio that public art aims to. Kanouse describes three projects that use radio and provoke a direct engagement of public bodies in space. They all transmit to the physical and electromagnetic public spaces on a way that forces a confrontation with the rules of both.

Synopsis
The text introduces radio as an active medium of public art. Since 1920 the radio was criticized as a wasteland of commercials and state propaganda. It was Bertolt Brecht that perceived it as transceiver to experiment with and questioning its use and Walter Benjamin who noticed that it will be a failure as long as the separation between practitioners and public dominates it. From early on, tight regulations restricted the electromagnetic public sphere so that artists didn’t engage deeply with its elements and it was constantly seen as “an unrealized and undertheorized social and aesthetic space” (Kanouse, pg. 87). Only pirate radio practiotioners, with their low-tech practice and self-broadcasting, could interrogate the public, critical and political aspects of radio, as Brecht and Benjamin would imagine.

But what is public art? According to Kanouse public art exists outside of galleries and museums, addressing a theoretical body of criticism on “publicness” to different groups of people, rather than searching for institutional funding and unified audiences. Rosalyn Deutsche mentions that public art differs from state sponsored art and constitutes a public through dialogue that leads to political action. This practice takes account the inevitable exclusions, conflicts, divisions and instability that may have and thus it can become a democratic sphere. Returning back to radio, Kanouse refers to the state regulations imposed on radio and specifically on FRC (Federal Radio Comission) in United States that restricted access to airwaves and permitted licensed transmissions only in low frequencies, so there will be no interferences with commercial frequencies. That had as a result the creation of a “public body” in the name of a homogenous public and the radio’s monopolization by mainstream entertainment and political commentary. The author sees the use of prohibited technologies and the confrontation with these restrictions as a political act. An act that can propose an “anti-authoritarian radical democracy” (Kanouse, pg. 89) through the formation of small groups that learn to broadcast and produce alternate media cultures. An unlicensed broadcast can challenge what public art wants to: the creation of a public sphere willing to interrogate the “democratical” public space which is part of.

After introducing public art and radio as possible extension of it, Kanouse describes three projects that exist within this realm. The first project, called Talking Homes by John Brumit, was realized under the residency of Neighborhood Public Radio (little NPR) arts collective of Detroit. The author describes two iterations, part of this project, that broadcasted personal stories of inhabitants through transmitters located in their houses and other buildings, revealing the struggle and the daily routine of these people living in degraded neighbourhoods. The interviewers were trained by the artist to use their transmitters. It seemed that the exposition of the private sphere, reflected in the localization of the media and the gossiping produced, to the public reframed clearer the struggle for the neighborhood than the big radio programmes. The engagement of the public, which was not the privileged audience of art spaces, was deep because of the use of a certified from FCC technology and it didn’t care for the more technical context about radios and frequencies. Both iterations followed the spirit of NPR characterized by the smallness, site-specificity and listener’s participation. Even though these small transmitters have not many listeners because of the smalll range, NRC sees that as a way to link people and thus negates the separation of practitioner and public mentioned before. The little NPR, in contrast to National Public Radio (big NPR), embraces amateurism on the base of “polymorphous”. In other words it embraces the instability, diversity, discomforts and the contradictions that produces.

The second project is The Public Broadcast Cart made by Ricardo Miranda Zuñiga, that is a portable home-made radio broadcasting the voice of the one driving the cart in several places. The voice of the participant becomes public on site through speakers and extends to radio frequencies and the internet. The legality of the radio cart doesn’t concern the present public and the unusual object attracts even more their attention. A manual on how to make this object is published in its website, and this detailed explanation of the technology, even more than the other project, demystifies the technology. Based on the open source and pirate radio spirit, this offering of access to the technology refuses the specialization and the prohibition of the airwaves. The parallel expanses of the voice and the uncensored speech in three different public spaces occupies at the same time the physical, online and electromagnetic realm. The DIY electronic media empowers the individual and collective voice. The last project is called Radio Ballet made by the group LIGNA and is about a group-listening performance in public. The participants interrupted the urban flow by violating the social norms in public space. More specifically they were listening with headphones to movement instructions and commentaries on public behaviours broadcasted in a radio frequency. Their engagement with the environment questioned the “monotonous, functionalist and consumerist spatial code”. LIGNA’s “proliferation of identical voices in multiple places”(Kanouse, pg. 97) revealed and exploited the uncanny elements of the radio.

Kanouse concludes that although radio, in developed countries, is perceived as an old “dead”, monopolized medium, its low technology and the decreasing commercial interest in that, made it a critical tool for artists. Its materiality and restrictions of physicality turns it into a link between the “lived and the imagined” (Kanouse, pg. 97). Radio’s dispersion, or one voice in many places, even though it is subject to regulations, is open for contesting its public sphere. In all the projects she refers to, there is a direct engagement of public bodies in space. The transmission to the physical and electromagnetic public spaces forces a confrontation with the rules of both. At the end, she encourages to use radio as a tool of intervention in the diverse public spaces.

Having a small knowledge on radio medium I was also perceiving radio as an old medium, but it is inevitable to avoid its presence in public spaces and realms, especially in countries that have not access in the main communication platforms. It is my question though what makes it so special in relation to other more contemporary mediums like Internet. Is it its specificity on material or the assimilation of a medium in a society after many years of its existence that makes it a critical tool? Regarding the amount of regulations imposed on it it seems to be a powerful tool for contesting the public bodies created by the state on the name of “public good”. I am wondering if this DIY culture becomes self-referential when produces projects in the shake of technology. I believe that sometimes the less technical context is enough for declaring the statement the artist wants to make, like on the case of the first project. In other words only the curated exposition of the medium and its content in the space can provoke many thoughts on that matter.

Walter J. Ong. Orality and Literacy (1982)

This book was part of my research the last year and supports my motivation for doing this research. The approach of Ong to relate methods of oral cultures with the writing cultures informs my concept and provides me with arguments on relating voices and speech with text and public presence.

Abstract
The selection of the parts of this book aims to highlight the importance of the methods of orality in the development of the human consciousness and culture. The dynamic of orality and literacy will favor a deeper understanding of human communication. The former is the primary and natural condition of the latter, which is developed as technology in the high- technological societies. But their relation doesn't mean that are dependent on each other. Oral cultures exist without the need of writing, texts and dictionaries. Ong describes in detail what are those methods with which oral people can organize complex thoughts. His aim is to provide a connection between the two cultures for the shake of the human awareness.

Saskia Sassen. The Shifting Meaning of the Urban Condition (2012)

This is a more theoretical text that enhance my knowledge on public spaces theories and helps me to relate them with media theory.

Abstract
In this text Saskia Sassen raises questions about the making of public space and the current urban conditions. Massive structures and branding are the basic mediation between individuals and market, in the cities and the digital world. Design amplifies those processes and adds value for the shake of utility logics of the economic corporate worlds. However there are other public and political making works, mostly artistic, that can produce counter-practices and make them legible to the local and the powerless. Street level politics, like the Occupy Movement, and digital activism, like the Free Software movement, played an important role to the creation of those “counter-geographies of globalisation” , as Sassen calls them.

This is part of a project on Occupy movements and public gatherings. Angeliki Diakrousi Department of Architecture, University of Patras February-June 2012

Synopsis

Monumental and high-tech architecture in the cities “have produced displacement and estrangement” and gradually cities turn from “civic to politicized urban spaces”. Simultaneously degraded and semi-abandoned spaces appear, called terrains vague. These areas exist outside of the utility logics of the city and are claimed from real estate agencies as a new territory for new high towers of offices. However architecture and design can propose other ways of perceiving that space through “critical artistic practices”.

To answer her questions she introduces the making of public as a way to refuse the constant privatization and weaponization of the public space. The dominant royal and state architectures are related to public access to those urban spaces and not on how to make spaces public. The small practices of people and the new network technologies though do that in weird places, terrains vague, outside of the utility logic. This possibility of “making, detecting and intervening” has being intense the last decades together with the privatization of the public spaces. The state has also weaponized the urban space through surveillance and physical restrictions that changes the landscapes together with the commercial gentrification. Those gestures refer to public access and not to the public space. The subjectivities of people can propose “diverse kinds of publicness” that make a space public. According to Sassen, several reasons facilitate such practices and imaginaries. The first is that the restriction of the public spaces in the shake of access and monumental architectures reduce the experiences of the people in the city. A second reason is the creation of modest public spaces in response to the monumentalized spaces that focuses between the private and public power. This option of making repositions the modest spaces in potentially global networks that include multiple localities. Last reason is the existence of multiculturalism in the cities that affects and challenges the experiences and notions of the public. The occupy movement was one form of public-space making. The Global Street stands for urban street in a big city hosting struggles like the Occupy Movement. Street and square hosts activities while boulevard and piazza rituals in the traditional notion of a city. Occupy movements happened simultaneously around the world with similar politics even though they were in different countries. The city seems to become a space where the powerless make themselves visible. Like in North Africa and Middle East those movements didn't give power to the participants but they made history and claimed a new territory in a period of growing injustice and inequality. Territory is one strategy of all these occupy tactics. For Sassen it is a complex situation that involves logics of power and claim making and its meaning is not just about a national piece of land. The use of communication technologies and especially social media in movements like these were intensively discussed concerning their unrealised potentials. According to the writer there is a confusion between the logic of the technology designed by the engineers and the ones of the user. Facebook for example is used for spreading the word of very diverse collective events even if they have different aims and ideologies, but they focus in communicating rapidly something. She proposes to see this “electronic interactive domain” as a part of the larger ecologies beyond its technicality and redefine them more conceptually.

She observes that in the cities today a big mix of people coexist. The ones who lack power can make themselves present through face to face communication. According to the writer this condition reveals another type of politics and political actors, based on hybrid contexts of acting and outside of the formal system. The city is a more concrete space for action than the nation, in which the unofficial political subjects are represented invisibly. The urban space hosts several political activities like squatting, demonstrations, politics of culture and identity that are visible on the street and non dependent on massive media technologies. New network technologies help on local struggles, enabling crossborder political activism and contributing to the creation of “fragmented topographies”. We experience local as a concrete form or building but it is also located in networks. New urban spatiality is partial in terms of administrative boundaries or in the sense of multiple public imaginaries present in parts of the city. The more globalized and digitized markets, that dominate the city , are, the more their central management becomes strategic and the cities are important for this central operation. She gives the example of real estate, as a “microenvironment with global span”. Even though it is digitally circulated, it remains physical. Its partial representation blurs the borders between those two presences. We should understand that even the most dematerialized activities are strongly grounded in financial centers.

The writer, subsequently, thinks of new media artists as the ones that may propose alternatives and counter globalities that differ from the corporate and elitistic ones. They use computer based network technologies that give presence to multiple local actors, projects and imaginaries. These interventions, as Sassen calls them, are using different technologies, politically or artistically, that can subvert the corporate globalization. Hacking has transformed in a term used for projects beyond its specialized technical discource. Free software movement and Indymedia are examples of gaining terrain to the mainstream mediums and properties. She thinks that new type of globality is created when “local initiatives and projects can become part of a global network without losing the focus on the specifics of the local”. She uses the term “counter-geographies of globalization” to refer to those subversive interventions into the space of global capitalism. Their practices strengthen the translocal networks and develop communication technologies that escape conventional surveillance practices, even though they use the same global economic system with the corporate firms. The new media artists and activists are key factors for the development of practices of “narrating, giving shape, making present, involved in digitized environments”.

Concluding she says that massive structures and branding are the basic mediation between individuals and market. Design amplifies those processes and adds value for the shake of utility logics of the economic corporate worlds. However there are other public and political making works “that can produce disruptive narratives, and make it legible to the local and the silenced.”

In this text I see many relations to the radio art as political act contesting the regulations and restrictions to airwaves. Our political action exist in multiple public spheres that surrounds us and the electromagnetic spectrum is one of them. Another reason of estranged spaces, terrain vagues, is the appropriation of names in the cities by the state and the market. As O’Rourke(pg. 5) observes: “the supression of local names, in favor of gutless administrative ones [estranges] people from the world they live in”. I agree that through people subjectivites can propose ways of making a space public, and the formation of them I think that can be related to the situated knowledge, a term developed by Donna Haraway.

Donna Haraway. Situated Knowledges: The Science Question in Feminism and the Privilege of Partial Perspective (1988)

This text inform my research with a more feministic approach and supports my research on female practices and voices but also my general approach in the project.

Abstract

In this text Donna Haraway put the question on how objectivity should be defined in the science world. She proposes a feminist science, which is based in the situated knowledge, opposed to the monotheistic and military approach of todays scientists, which is illusionary. Through these lines she develops her arguments about an embodied objectivity which depends on the position of the individual. This partial perspective is non-illusionary and provides space for interaction with others’ visions and thus the development of a universal knowledge from the bottom.

Tetsuo Kogawa. Radio in the Chiasme (2008)

Abstract

• Joseph-Hunter, G., 2009. Transmission Arts: The Air That Surrounds Us. PAJ: A Journal of Performance and Art 31, 34–40. ===
• Sarah Kanouse. Tactical Irrelevance: Art and Politics at Play (2007) ===
• Gascia Ouzounian. Sound Art and Spatial Practices : Situating Sound Installation Art since 1958 (2008) ===
• Bangma, Anke. 2011. Resonant Bodies, Voices, Memories. Berlin: Revolver.
• Dolar, Mladen. 2006. A Voice and Nothing More. Edited by Alenka Zupancic and Slavoj Žižek. Cambridge, Mass: The MIT Press. ===
• Ronell, Avital. 1991. [The Telephone Book: Technology - Schizophrenia - Electric Speech]. University of Nebraska Press. ===