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Calibán y la bruja - Silvia Federicci

Transición del feudalismo al capitalismo desde el punto de vista de las MUJERES, el CUERPO y la ACUMULACION ORIGINAL. Cada uno de estos conceptos hace referencia a un marco conceptual que sirve de punto de referencia para este ensayo: EL FEMINISTA, EL MARXISTA y el FOUCALUTIANO.

ACUMULACION ORIGINARIA -> Marx, El capital

como proceso político de desarrollo capitalista

como proceso fundacional del la sociedad capitalista

entendiendo el pasado como algo que sobrevive en el presente

pero

MARX examina desde el proletariado masculino y SILVIA examina desde la posición social femenina + producción de la fuerza de trabajo.

teniendo como centro la persecución de BRUJAS DE LOS SIGLOS XVI y XVII, entendiéndola con un hecho igual de importante parra el capitalismo como la COLONIZACION y la expropiación del campesinado europeo de sus tierras.

Escritos feministas de los 70s, 80s: La mirada de la historia desde un punto de vista femenino indica una redefinición de las categorías históricas aceptadas que visibilice las estructuras ocultas de dominación y explotación.

- "Did women have a Renaissance?" Kelly (1984)

- "Querelle des femmes"

- "The Death of Nature". Caracter progresista de la revolución cientifica. Desplazamiento del paradigma orgánico al mecánico que legitimó la explotación de las mujeres y de la naturaleza.

...

Libertad y fueros. Con los fueros se fue ganando libertad, pero solo los campesinos que podían comprar su propia sangre al tener superficies de tierra considerable.

El ataque a los judios a partir del s.XII se deberá también a la creciente influencia del dinero.

Las mujeres vieron reducido su acceso a la propiedad y el ingreso.

En ciudades comerciales italianas perdieron su derecho a la teoría. En areas rurales, fueron excluidas de la posesión de la tierra -> lo que provoco un éxodo del campo -> de lo rural -> a la ciudad -> siglo XV. (alto % de la población). La ciudad proporcionaba mas libertad (aunque no legal, si real). Fueron ganando presencia en diferentes ámbitos sociales.

Satiras de los fabliaux

Proletariado sin tierras protagoniza movimientos milenaristas y heréticos. s. XII y XIII (lucha mas allá del feudo)

aparición en Flandes de un falso Balduino

Pastoreaux

Flagelantes

La herejía aquí equivale a teología de la liberación para el pueblo.

CONCEBIDO COMO LA PRIMERA INTERNACIONAL PROLETARIA: ideal de pobreza apostolica

John Ball lider del proletariado ingles.

Los cataros fueron de los mas influyentes (vegetarianos), rechazaban también la natalidad, influidos probablemente por sectas orientales como bogomilos. El antinatalismo no estaba sujeto a la degradación de la mujer.

Los herejes eran considerados como libertinos o como ascetas extremos.

Despues de la crisis demografica, cualquier tipo de anticoncepción se consideraba herejía. Sobre la politización de la sexualidad.

[p.126]

1. MARY CODDREN: The serpent and the goddess

Las beguinas: mujeres laicas de clases medias urbanas que vivían juntas, especialmente en Alemania y Flandes.

Mujeres con mas o menos control sobre su cuerpo, pero después de la crisis demográfica: persecución de los luciferinos, se paso de la herejía a la caza de brujas.

Gante 1378: primera dictadura del proletariado hasta 1382, primera batalla de Rosebecque.

LA JACQUERIA DE 1358

LA GRAN HAMBRUNA 1315-1322

Frente a la posibilidad de una muerta repentina, la gente no seguía regulaciones, iban de fiesta en fiesta. Finales de s. XIV hubo una negativa a pagar, la venta se convirtió en un fenómeno colectivo.

Francia: revueltas en Paris 1413

Italia: ciompi (aparecio en simbolo de la rueda de la fortuna en muchos bares, simbolizando el cambio de suerte)

España: guerra de las remesas 1462-1483

LA EDAD DE ORO DEL PROLETARIADO EUROPEO (frente a la forma de representación canónica del sXV: maleficio de la muerte. Sin embargo, ese nivel de vida tan alto no se igualo hasta el siglo XIX.

INSTITUCIONALIZACION DE LA PROSTITUCION

contra la turbulencia de la juventud proletaria entre 1350-1450 hubo mas burdeles que en todo el siglo XIX

consentimiento estatal para violaciones en grupo, se preparaba el terreno para la violencia contra las mujeres.

Burdeles como remedio a la herejía

Francia: burdel estatal: Grand Maison.

Dividir al proletariado

[p174]

USO DEL TERMINO TRANSICION en sentido temporal, para hablar de la reacción feudal y el desarrollo capitalista -> ACUMULACION ORIGINARIA (conecta con la "reacción feudal" como:

1. Acumulacion de la clase dominante

1. Concentration previa de capital y trabajo

1. La separation de trabajadores de medios de producción es la fuente de la riqueza capitalista

PERO

EL PROTA ES

EL PROLETARIADO

(no tiene en cuenta a las mujeres como las generadoras de la fuerza de trabajo)

SE REQUIRIO DESTRUIR EL PODER DE LAS MUJERES: CAZA DE BRUJAS.

Feminism confronts technology - Judy Wajcman

Bringin together under one theoretical framework a number of different sites of technology -> The technological determinism, rather than only looking at the effects of technology on society, it also looks at the effects of society on technology.

-> The "social shaping" of technology 1985 focus on advanced industrial societies and also technology in the third world.

Feminist critique on science cannot be translated into a feminist perspective on technology.

Ch. 3 human biological reproduction Ch. 4 malestrream in postindustrial home Ch.5 Built environment Ch. 6 Technology as a masculine culture

CHAPTER 1 -> FEMINIST CRITIQUES OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Our icons of progress arre dron from science, technology and medicine,

defined as RATIONAL,

as distinct from

which is EMOTIONAL

Sexual politics of science (Rosalind Franklin, Barrabarra McClintock by Anne Sayre) -> "victimizar", asking why women are not interested in science rather than asking WHY or HOW institutions would reshape to accommodate them.

A voice and nothing more - Mladen Dolar

First anectote -> failed interpellation, tacit chauvinism. Freudian word "uncanny" 17/8- an effect surpassing its explicable cause (Kempelen)

Speech and voice present the hidden mechanism of voice (19)

what singles out the voice is its inner relationship with meaning (23)

The voice is the instrument, the vehicle, the medium and the meaning is the goal.

VOICE AS MATERIALITY

VS

IDEALITY OF MEANING (25)

"He has to increase, I have to diminish. Why? Because the voices are being effaced as the world grows" "voice as a cart-of of sense" (26)

Visual Pleasure and narrative cinema - Laura Mulvey

A POLITICAL USE OF PSYCHOANALYSIS

psychoanalysis as a political weapon

to discover the roots of our oppression

women represent castration -> threat

women give birth and then

memory of lack

memory of maternal plenitude

women as bearers of meaning not makers of meaning

DESTRUCTION OF PLEASURE AS A RADICAL WEAPON

Mainstream film coded the erotic into the language of the dominant patriarchal order.

A break with normal pleasurable expectations in order to conceive a new language of desire.

PLEASURE IN LOOKING, FASCINATION WITH THE HUMAN FORM

SCOPOPHILIA AS VOYEURISTIC SEPARATION

scopophilia

looking as a source of pleasure

pleasure in being looked at

The instinct as the erotic basis ofr pleasure in looking at another person as objects. At extreme it can become fixated into a perversion (voyeurs and Pepping Toms)

Cinema produces a sense of separation, playing on their voyeuristic phantasy.

CONTRAST

darkness auditorium

brilliance of the screen -->> VOYEURISTIC SEPARATION

Illusion of looking into a private world

SCOPOPHILIA AS A NARCISSISTIC ASPECT

Human form everywhere: scale, space, stories are anthropomorphic

The mirror phase: Lacan

The image is more perfect than the body

Matrix of the imaginary -> "I"

el cine refuerza o debilita el ego:

EGO

LOST -> pre-subjective moment of recognition

REINFORCEMENT -> glamour impersons the ordinary

The power of cute - Simon May

What if it expresses more than it seems?

The era of the cult of the child

the new locus of the sacred

So the place where as a society we must readily find desecration

He says cute is a teasing expression of the unclarity, the uncertainty, the uncanniness, the continuous flux of "becoming"

About nongroundedness of living with artifice and exaggeration

About the undetermined, engendered, "unaged"?

What if it is not a vrivoulus distraction of the zeitgeist but a full expression of it?

An anesthetization of "powerlessness" (Ngai)

Shanon Kinsella -> "the pervasiveness of kawaii"

Daniel Harris -> "the cute worldview is one of massive human chauvinism" which forces human qualities onto nonhuman things......so

"the cute vision of the nature world is a world without nature, one that annihilates otherness"

"is ultimately dehumanizing, paralyzing its victims into semi-conscious things"

The spirit of condemnation is increasingly all the rage in the west. His aim is to resist the urge to censure the craze of Cute but to seek a wider understanding.

it is forthright indeterminacy

Cute is among other things, a new expression of an ancient sensibility, namely the monstruous

but

is quite recent alongside

"the Sublime"

"Camp"

"Kitsch"

Talking about -> early pioneer of comercial cuteness Phineas Taylor Barnum: Baby shows 1855.

Cuteness as "adoration of the commodity"

The terms

+- 1730 - ACUTE: Sharp, quick, witted

1830 - CUTE: innocent, attractive, charming

Cute reveals the impossibility of experience the innocence in a purist way

p.90 girls disguising themselves as harmless in a male dominated work world (Brian Mcleigh) . p.94 about Androgyny-> familiar and unfamiliar. "We are unnerved by such neighbourliness of the known and the unknown"

also about cuteness on concepts.

120. Cute´s power to recognise and honour otherness.

Borders and ghosts: migratory hauntings in contemporary visual cultures - Nermin Saybasili

Visual Culture designates an entire arena of visual representations which circulate in the field of vision establishing visibilities (and policing invisibilities), stereotypes, pose relations, the ability to know and to verify: in fact they establish the very realm of the "known" (Rogoff 200:20). What I am interested in, therefore, is what is beyond the "known" and beyond the predictable.

This image reflects on an "imagined world" [...] " the lines between the realistic and the fictional landscapes are blurred [...]

Border officials use this light against the "illegal" crossing of "immigrants". [...] In the advanced technological surveillance systems on European borders, the desire to make everything visible is also an imperative to make things legible and governable. [...]

Visibility ins a complex system of permission and prohibition, of presence and absence. [...]

[Lugagges] serve as compartments in which an immigrant carries his or her wishes, expectations, dreads and desires as well his or her anxieties or fears. [...]

Modern surveillance systems are based on the British philosopher, Jeremy Bentham's panopticon (Bentham 1843), which he invented in 1786 as the perfect prison, and which Michael Foucault saw as the major mechanism for the disciplining of society [...] each person in his or her cell or cage is alone, completely isolated and constantly visible under full lighting. She/he s the object of information, but never a subject of communication. [...] "visibility is a trap" (Foucault 1991 [1977]:200). [...]

"In a state of solitude, infantile superstitions, ghosts and specters, recur to the imagination" (cited by Mirzoeff 2022:241: Semple 1993:132)[...]

[...] people crossing borders [...] operate as "ghosts" mainly because "illegal" border-crossing is all about visibility and invisibility; about dissappearance as coming into presence. [...]

The image is a powerful reminder that materialist science cannot account for the textures of everyday experience of people crossing borders. "Ghost images" of the "illegal" immigrants empty all the realities an immigrant would firmly be tied to.[...]

Thus, we end up with an image that looks like a scene from a horror film. This image blind us.[...] It is spectral [...] and unable to refer to any life values or qualities. [...]

TO BE CONTINUED - PAGINA 306

Separate and dominate - Christine Delphy

Thesis that claim that human beings cannot stand difference is a thesis on human nature an essentialist thesis and therefore, an idealist one.

[...] the hierarchy in our society is due to the rejection of the other. Except when it comes to the opposition between "capitalists" and "workers". [...] Emphazise the similarity among the operations that give priority to one group and stigmatise the other. The problematic of the others presupposes the existence of these hierarchies. [...]

The object is to show that hatred of the "difference" is not a natural trait of the human species. [...]

"Weltanschauung" invisible, subterranean fundation of the world's view. Philosophy of the dominant.

"I"

Descartes didn't care about the others. Pienso, luego existo. [...] The other is abused right from the outset from the very moment of being, defined as "other".

Society meaning "I", meaning "us".

[...] When one group calls another "the other" it is already too late, it has already confiscated humanity, appropriating it as its own exclusive characteristic. [...]

The master group group, the group of Ones is not the same for all these three oppressions: for women it is men... etc. but the master group reproaches its own others for not being part of the Ones; it reproaches them for being different and exhorts them to be more "similar" if they want to obtain their rights,

!! p.16 -> "Nouvelles questions féministes" -> Construction of the otherness.

[...] Men, heterosexual and white are disproportionately -and unduly- sure of themselves, arrogant and talkative: their socialisation and experience have made like that, and their position allows it. [...]

How could the Others be like the Ones, when the Ones are only Ones because they press the others?

The ways (of talking, of standing, of walking, of eating, etc.) of the dominant group are not presented for what they are - as ways that can only exist through domination - but as the norm, as the universal. [...]

Bourdieu claimed in his "Masculine domination" that women were so alienated -precisely because they are dominated- that they could not even think in their situation. He, however, could do so. Why? Because he was, or saw himself as impartial , a neutral observer. May be he ought to have understood that since he is part of the group "men", he couldn't be impartial. [...]

The Ones reject of being confine within an identity. Dominant think they can choose whatever social position and change it however they please. [...]

It is privilege of the Ones to name individuals when the Others turn this process around, they shake up the rules of the game, symbolically at least.< > Naming the dominants means specifying them too. And it specifies them in a way that erases their superiority.

!!! Are all the categorizations necessarily and inevitably hierarchical? The identification of groups is not necessarily hierarchical, however it is different when this categorisation is dichotomous as well as comprehensive. >> If not belonging to a category is the same thing as belonging to the other, then the goal of this characterisation is indeed, to set them in a hierarchical order. One of the categories is necessarily superior and the other necessarily inferior to it. [...]

I was stupefied to her of people being addressed as "second-generation immigrants" as if the quality of being an immigrant could be inherited. [...]

About equality:

Parity suffers from problems in the objective it sets. Could be understood in a broader sense -> by affirmative action. Parity is essentialist -> division of humanity in two distinct sub-species; democracy is itself masculine. Affirmative action doesn't need to search for a true universalism.

TO BE CONTINUED - PAGINA ?

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¿Es posible un mundo sin violencia? - Chantal Maillard

Lo que nos indigna nos indigna porque y cuando nos concierne. [...]

Recibimos los hechos convertidos en imagen como recibimos la ficción por el mismo conducto y con el mismo formato: la pantalla.

Las figuras son intercámbiales, se archivan en carpetas con etiquetas que dicen: "emigrantes", "terroristas", "maltratadas", etc. Mercancía serializada, ninguna singularidad, reducción a conceptos universales (p.22: continuar párrafo). [...]

Formalmente seducidos por los ardides del arte, responderemos a la forma pensando que responderemos al tema. En esto consiste la perversión del lenguaje artístico. [...]

La principal razón es que la violencia (que nuestros países ejercen) ocurre siempre en Otra Parte.[...]

[...] Averiguar el marco de nuestra indignación personal y colectiva y sus márgenes. Aunque las cifras son algo abstracto y difícilmente nos sentimos atraídos por abstracciones.

(Sprocket) Eslabón directo entre los aparatos que hacen más cómodas y sofisticadas nuestras vidas y la realidad de la violencia. [...]

No me parece lógico ni éticamente correcto pensar una crisis financiera sin pensar los engranajes de la sociedad de consumo, pensar la indignación local y sus causas inmediatas sin pensar las razones globales. [...]

¿Qué hace falta para que nos sintamos concerniros?

Los asuntos inmediatos no pueden hacernos perder de vista los demás, porque los "demás" son el contexto de los inmediatos. [...]

Puede ser que el desinterés se deba, como alguien escribía, a que la complejidad de las relaciones en el mundo globalizado haya producido una ruptura de la relación de nuestros actos y sus consecuencias. Cuando aumenta la complejidad, las cosas dejan de poder imaginarse. !!!!! LO INCOGNOSCIBLE ES EL DESPERTAR (DERRIDA) P.34

La risa es un arma defensiva, un reducto del acto de enseñar los dientes.

Desde la ética del semejante no hay crueldad ni criminalidad salvo con el próximo.

La afirmación del ser humano sobre los demás no es propia de todas las culturas, lo es ante todo del individuo tecnocrático que habiendo dejado de poner su teckné al servicio de la supervivencia la pone al servicio del beneficiario >>> sociedades basadas en el sentido de productividad. [...]

El concepto occidental y patriarcal de la naturaleza como recurso explotable productivo, inferior y dominable no puede desvincularse de la tradición judeo-cristiana. [...]

Si alguien se indigna defiende algo que de alguna manera siente que le pertenece, ¿cómo habrá de indignarse quien considera que nada le pertenece? P48-49 estoicismo