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=ABSTRACT=
=ABSTRACT=
!!! missing !!!
<center>
==QUESTIONS I WANT TO ADDRESS IN MY ESSAY==
The traces of digital information are exponential ...<br>
They contain various sources...<br>
They travel, scattered, being trade - transacted or serve as a found footage for an artistic
interventions...<br>
Traces of digital data are tangible. Events or evidences, which meant to be deleted from a system...<br>
they serve as a subject of recovery, revisit and exposure...''<br>
</center>


'''#problem_aspect #1'''<br>
==INTRO==


THEME: OWNERSHIP/ DIGITAL PROPERTY/ PROPERTY RIGHTS <br>
temporary unavailable will be filled soon!


'''#problem_aspect #2'''<br>
SUB_THEME: PRIVACY IN DIGITAL REALM <br>
The ethical issue I want to address is: who has the right to withdrawal someone's data and how this data could be used, reused or misused?<br>


'''#problem_aspect #3'''<br>
==CHAPTERS ==
SUB_THEME: AUTHORSHIP/CO-AUTHORSHIP/ MULTIPLE - AUTHORS<BR>
The problematic aspect of the recovered data: who is the actual author of the final work? <br>


==== '''<ownership''' ====
Grad_Skeleton:<br>
'''PART #1'''<br>
              <'''ctrl + C / ctrl +V  chapter''' :.<br> 
              [[File:Esc key 2.jpg|frameless]]
'''question:''' digital object and its properties what has change from analog to digital? <br>
'''argument''': tangible and intangible properties of the digital object or the lost of the physicality makes it difficult to apply the same principles.<br>
use value and copy make hard to distinguish the copy from the original <br>
'''argument''':  digital object allows multiple copies of one single file, reproducing an accurate / exact copy of the original. Comparing with the analog object where every copy modifies the original.<br>
Moreover each copying of the copy introduce / induce noise to the copy and the original itself. The digital object inherited share and distribution value.
<br>


<<The story of Ghana digital trash camps:
            <'''Del chapter''' :.<br>
expanded storage / the impossibility to delete the digital file / missing erase button  <br>
the extend of the storage / memory capacity to save, preserve and archive. <br>
Where the story of recovery of data from hard drives comes along ...<br>
analog with the anecdote about Ghana disclosure of data. <br>


[http://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/stories/ghana804/video/video_index.html Ghana digital dumping ground article]


[http://boingboing.net/2009/06/25/illegal-e-waste-dump.html  Illegal e-waste dumped in Ghana includes unencrypted hard drives full of US security secrets] <br>
------------------------------
<<< e-waste, data remanence, data thief
 
or how the data can be recovered and serve as an evidence
 
Questions about e-waste and digital recycling, digital trash and data recycling.<br>
'''PART#2'''<br>
<<<'data erasure' term - or the only way to erase data permanently is physically to destroy a hard disk drive. In the past shredders were used to destroy confidential, secret papers now there are replaces by data shredders.<br>
 
[http://www.theguardian.com/world/video/2014/jan/31/snowden-files-computer-destroyed-guardian-gchq-basement-video
 
theguardian_snowden-files-computer-destroyed]<br>
      <'''Shift chapter''':.
            [[File:Shift_key.jpg|frameless]]
'''question''': How the copyright low is used to constrain and mimic the properties of analog?
For example a digital file (pdf) is threaten the same way as a book.<br>
revisit the copyright law and break the myth of the ownership of digital file.<br>
'''argument''': Copyright enclosure is build on top of laws, applied to physical property. <br>
It can not be applied to the digital objects because of the nature of the digital and the listed properties.<br>
Please see --><br>
#REDIRECT [[User:Michaela/Understanding copyright/ copyleft /copyfarleft]]
<br>
'''Case_study:''' >[http://www.seditionart.com/ Sedition] – an online art platform for selling art where an edition of a hundred unique digital copies are offered for sell. <br>
"Limited edition of art for your digital life"<br>
 
 
              <'''Ctrl chapter''' :.
              [[File:Ctrl key.png|frameless]]
 
'''argument''': The digital / digitization made us believe that the knowledge can be free / share and  common for all.  <br>
This chapter will investigate “ cloud services” and fairness of access. Who is the actual owner of the content available online? Did it become a common property of all, pointed by Richard Barbrook or it is hold by other entity?<br>
What if there is a time-based service that provides the users to obtain certain control over or expiration time on their content or applying a delete key?<br>
'''Case_study''': [http://vanish.cs.washington.edu/ Vanish] is a research project and a software bundle, initiated by Roxana Geambasu, Amit Levy and Yoshi Kohno
which aims to help users to preserve some control, by ensuring that the electronic data, posted on the web such as emails, massages, photos, as well as text becomes permanently unavailable after a specified period of time.
 
Please see the annotation on Vanish project --><br>
#REDIRECT [[User: Michaela/Notes and annotations]]
==Bibliography (so far)==
 
Kleiner. Dmytri, ''The Telekommunist Manifesto''
 
Hyves. Lewis, ''Common as air''
 
Banner. Stuart, ''American Property: A History of How, Why, and What We Own?''
 
Jefrey. Rosen, ''The end of forgetting''
 
Mayer-Schönberger. Viktor, ''Delete:The Virtue of Forgetting in the Digital Age''
 
Barbrook. Richard, <br>
[http://constantvzw.org/verlag/spip.php?page=article&id_article=20&mot_filtre=9&id_lang=0 The Regulation of Liberty: free speech, free trade and free gifts on the Net]
<br>
<br>
'''notes:'''<br>
Blackstone. William //<br>
Locke. John // Of property
 
 
=======================
possible entry_ art context&own practice???
 
I will map a research from art practices as appropriation, DADA, ready-made and SI applied to my own practice or the current grad project - retrieving hard drives and using the information out of them for an artistic purposes.<br><br>
 
=======================
 
'''links ( to be moved from this dir ) :<br>'''


[http://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/stories/ghana804/video/video_index.html Ghana digital dumping ground article]
comment: to find more examples and stories


===='''<memory'''====
[http://boingboing.net/2009/06/25/illegal-e-waste-dump.html  Illegal e-waste dumped in Ghana includes unencrypted hard drives full of US security secrets]
This chapter will be about the technical aspect of data recovery process 
more specifically: clusters, partitions, Gutmann method etc.


'''links:'''
Legend of multiple passes of overwriting:<br>
Legend of multiple passes of overwriting:<br>


Line 54: Line 116:
http://security.stackexchange.com/questions/10464/why-is-writing-zeros-or-random-data-over-a-hard-drive-multiple-times-better-th
http://security.stackexchange.com/questions/10464/why-is-writing-zeros-or-random-data-over-a-hard-drive-multiple-times-better-th


--->
[http://www.theguardian.com/world/video/2014/jan/31/snowden-files-computer-destroyed-guardian-gchq-basement-video
There is a well-known reference article by Peter Gutmann on the subject. However, that article is a bit old (15 years) and newer harddisks might not operate as is described.
theguardian_snowden-files-computer-destroyed]<br>
Some data may fail to be totally obliterated by a single write due to two phenomena:
We want to write a bit (0 or 1) but the physical signal is analog. Data is stored by manipulating the orientation of groups of atoms within the ferromagnetic medium; when read back, the head yields an analog signal, which is then decoded with a threshold: e.g., if the signal goes above 3.2 (fictitious unit), it is a 1, otherwise, it is a 0. But the medium may have some remanence: possibly, writing a 1 over what was previously a 0 yields 4.5, while writing a 1 over what was already a 1 pumps up the signal to 4.8. By opening the disk and using a more precise sensor, it is conceivable that the difference could be measured with enough reliability to recover the old data.
Data is organized by tracks on the disk. When writing over existing data, the head is roughly positioned over the previous track, but almost never exactly over that track. Each write operation may have a bit of "lateral jitter". Hence, part of the previous data could possibly still be readable "on the side".
 
===='''<code''' ====
This chapter is about the performative aspect of the code.<br>
Code as Language
 
==== '''<space'''  ====
This chapter will be about the final work. Description/ set up etc.

Latest revision as of 09:42, 12 March 2014

Useful links:
A Guide to Essay Writing

Thesis Guidelines

Draft_ thesis skeleton:

ABSTRACT

The traces of digital information are exponential ...
They contain various sources...
They travel, scattered, being trade - transacted or serve as a found footage for an artistic interventions...
Traces of digital data are tangible. Events or evidences, which meant to be deleted from a system...
they serve as a subject of recovery, revisit and exposure...

INTRO

temporary unavailable will be filled soon!


CHAPTERS

Grad_Skeleton:
PART #1

             <ctrl + C / ctrl +V  chapter :.
   
             Esc key 2.jpg

question: digital object and its properties what has change from analog to digital?
argument: tangible and intangible properties of the digital object or the lost of the physicality makes it difficult to apply the same principles.
use value and copy make hard to distinguish the copy from the original
argument: digital object allows multiple copies of one single file, reproducing an accurate / exact copy of the original. Comparing with the analog object where every copy modifies the original.
Moreover each copying of the copy introduce / induce noise to the copy and the original itself. The digital object inherited share and distribution value. 

            <Del chapter :.

expanded storage / the impossibility to delete the digital file / missing erase button
the extend of the storage / memory capacity to save, preserve and archive.
Where the story of recovery of data from hard drives comes along ...
analog with the anecdote about Ghana disclosure of data.



PART#2


<Shift chapter:. 

            Shift key.jpg

question: How the copyright low is used to constrain and mimic the properties of analog? For example a digital file (pdf) is threaten the same way as a book.
revisit the copyright law and break the myth of the ownership of digital file.
argument: Copyright enclosure is build on top of laws, applied to physical property.
It can not be applied to the digital objects because of the nature of the digital and the listed properties.
Please see -->

  1. REDIRECT User:Michaela/Understanding copyright/ copyleft /copyfarleft


Case_study: >Sedition – an online art platform for selling art where an edition of a hundred unique digital copies are offered for sell.
"Limited edition of art for your digital life"


              <Ctrl chapter :.
              Ctrl key.png

argument: The digital / digitization made us believe that the knowledge can be free / share and common for all.
This chapter will investigate “ cloud services” and fairness of access. Who is the actual owner of the content available online? Did it become a common property of all, pointed by Richard Barbrook or it is hold by other entity?
What if there is a time-based service that provides the users to obtain certain control over or expiration time on their content or applying a delete key?
Case_study: Vanish is a research project and a software bundle, initiated by Roxana Geambasu, Amit Levy and Yoshi Kohno which aims to help users to preserve some control, by ensuring that the electronic data, posted on the web such as emails, massages, photos, as well as text becomes permanently unavailable after a specified period of time.

Please see the annotation on Vanish project -->

  1. REDIRECT User: Michaela/Notes and annotations

Bibliography (so far)

Kleiner. Dmytri, The Telekommunist Manifesto

Hyves. Lewis, Common as air

Banner. Stuart, American Property: A History of How, Why, and What We Own?

Jefrey. Rosen, The end of forgetting

Mayer-Schönberger. Viktor, Delete:The Virtue of Forgetting in the Digital Age

Barbrook. Richard,
The Regulation of Liberty: free speech, free trade and free gifts on the Net

notes:
Blackstone. William //
Locke. John // Of property


===========

possible entry_ art context&own practice???

I will map a research from art practices as appropriation, DADA, ready-made and SI applied to my own practice or the current grad project - retrieving hard drives and using the information out of them for an artistic purposes.

===========

links ( to be moved from this dir ) :

Ghana digital dumping ground article

Illegal e-waste dumped in Ghana includes unencrypted hard drives full of US security secrets

Legend of multiple passes of overwriting:

http://grot.com/wordpress/?p=154

http://www.pcworld.com/article/209418/how_do_i_permanently_delete_files_from_my_hard_disk.html

https://ssd.eff.org/tech/deletion

http://security.stackexchange.com/questions/10464/why-is-writing-zeros-or-random-data-over-a-hard-drive-multiple-times-better-th

[http://www.theguardian.com/world/video/2014/jan/31/snowden-files-computer-destroyed-guardian-gchq-basement-video theguardian_snowden-files-computer-destroyed]

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