User:Zuhui/๐Ÿ‘€/Misplaced Concretism and Concrete Situations: Feminism, Method, and Information Technology: Difference between revisions

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==Introduction: The "turkey baster disaster" and the realpolitik==
==Introduction: The 'turkey baster disaster' and the realpolitik==
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What was important about it for our purposes here, however, was a marked shift in the community from essentialist, โ€œbiologicallyโ€ driven explana- tions to more complex, contradictory, heterogeneous ways of thinking about experi- ence and situations. โ€œMenโ€ became modified by โ€œour sonsโ€; โ€œmutantsโ€ were newly domesticated and intimate. And from this experience and many others, the vocabulary of essentialism was deeply scrutinized and abandoned (by many). Among other things, we took the misplaced concretism of sex and re-situated it within the concrete experi- ence of gender and relationships.
What was important about it for our purposes here, however, was a marked shift in the community from essentialist, โ€œbiologicallyโ€ driven explana- tions to more complex, contradictory, heterogeneous ways of thinking about experi- ence and situations. โ€œMenโ€ became modified by โ€œour sonsโ€; โ€œmutantsโ€ were newly domesticated and intimate. And from this experience and many others, the vocabulary of essentialism was deeply scrutinized and abandoned (by many). Among other things, we took the misplaced concretism of sex and re-situated it within the concrete experi- ence of gender and relationships.
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I hold that it is the '''all at once-ness''' that is at the core of feminist survival, and as a <u>consequence at the core of our relationship to science and technology. The power to hold multiple, contradictory views in a moral collective is necessary in shaping the divergence between '''Big Brother and a positive, cyborg-inhabited multiverse.'''</u>
I hold that it is the '''all at once-ness''' that is at the core of feminist survival, and as a <u>consequence at the core of our relationship to science and technology. The power to hold multiple, contradictory views in a moral collective is necessary in shaping the divergence between '''Big Brother and a positive, cyborg-inhabited multiverse.'''</u>
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ย  ํŽ˜๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์ด ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ํ˜„์‹ค๊ณผ ๋ชจ์ˆœ๋œ ๊ด€์ ์„ ๋™์‹œ์— ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์ด๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ƒ์กดํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฐœ์ „ํ•ด์™”์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ด ๊ณผํ•™๊ณผ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ณด๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์—๋„ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋น… ๋ธŒ๋ผ๋”์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋‹จ์ผํ•œ ํ†ต์ œ์™€ ๊ทœ์œจ์„ ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋Š” ๋Œ€์‹ , ์‚ฌ์ด๋ณด๊ทธ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ณต์žก์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋‹ค์›์„ฑ์„ ํฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋™์‹œ๋‹ค๋ฐœ์„ฑ์€ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๋Š” ํ•ต์‹ฌ์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก ์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Š” ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ํƒ€ํ˜‘์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ํ˜„์‹ค ์†์—์„œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ด€์ ์„ ์ˆ˜์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๋œปํ•œ๋‹ค.<br><br> Look also-> 'A Cyborg Manifesto' by Donna J. Haraway, 1985
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ํŽ˜๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์ด ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ํ˜„์‹ค๊ณผ ๋ชจ์ˆœ๋œ ๊ด€์ ์„ ๋™์‹œ์— ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์ด๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ƒ์กดํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฐœ์ „ํ•ด์™”์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ด ๊ณผํ•™๊ณผ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ณด๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์—๋„ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋น… ๋ธŒ๋ผ๋”์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋‹จ์ผํ•œ ํ†ต์ œ์™€ ๊ทœ์œจ์„ ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋Š” ๋Œ€์‹ , ์‚ฌ์ด๋ณด๊ทธ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ณต์žก์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋‹ค์›์„ฑ์„ ํฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋™์‹œ๋‹ค๋ฐœ์„ฑ์€ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๋Š” ํ•ต์‹ฌ์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก ์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Š” ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ํƒ€ํ˜‘์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ํ˜„์‹ค ์†์—์„œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ด€์ ์„ ์ˆ˜์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๋œปํ•œ๋‹ค.
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Look also-> [https://warwick.ac.uk/fac/arts/english/currentstudents/undergraduate/modules/fictionnownarrativemediaandtheoryinthe21stcentury/manifestly_haraway_----_a_cyborg_manifesto_science_technology_and_socialist-feminism_in_the_....pdf 'A Cyborg Manifesto' by Donna J. Haraway, 1985]
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=="Method is a way of surviving experience"==
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Method is a way of surviving experience. It is a word at once stronger than paradigm, in the sense that it often crosses, both historically and spatially, most uses of the Kuhnian term. It may be part of several paradigms; it may persist after other attributes of a paradigm have fallen away.
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โ–ฒ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก ์€ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ , ๊ณต๊ฐ„์  ๋งฅ๋ฝ์„ ์ดˆ์›”ํ•ด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ํŒจ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ค์ž„์„ ๋„˜๋‚˜๋“ ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ํŒจ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ค์ž„์ด ๋ฐ”๋€Œ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์‚ฌ๋ผ์ง€๋”๋ผ๋„, ๊ทธ ์•ˆ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก ์€ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๋‚จ์•„์žˆ๊ณ  ์œ ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ๊ณผํ•™์  ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์—์„œ ์–ด๋–ค ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ์ด๋ก ์ด ํŒจ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ค์ž„์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์—ฌ์กŒ์„ ๋•Œ, ๊ทธ ์ด๋ก ์ด ๋‚˜์ค‘์— ๋ฒ„๋ ค์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ทธ ์ด๋ก ์„ ํƒ๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋“ค์€ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์œ ํšจํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค.
'''The geography of nature to be experienced by feminism'''
'''-Subjects are cyborg :''' ์‚ฌ์ด๋ณด๊ทธ๋Š” ์ธ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๋ชจํ˜ธํ•œ ์กด์žฌ๋กœ, ์œ ๋™์ ์ด๊ณ  ๊ณ ์ •๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ •์ฒด์„ฑ์„ ์ƒ์ง•ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํŽ˜๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์—์„œ ์ฃผ์ฒด๋Š” ๊ณ ์ •๋œ ์„ฑ๋ณ„, ์ •์ฒด์„ฑ์„ ๋„˜์–ด์„œ๋Š” ์กด์žฌ๋กœ์„œ, ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋Š์ž„์—†์ด ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
'''-Nature is Coyote :''' ์ž์—ฐ์ด๋‚˜ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ณธ์งˆ์„ ๊ณ ์ •๋œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ , ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ์ˆ˜์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ด€์ .
'''-The geography is elsewhere :''' ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์ง€๋ฆฌ์  ๋˜๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๋” ์ด์ƒ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํŒจ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ค์ž„ ์†์—์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ ๊ณณ์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์„๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ.<br><br> '''"...Included in the cyborg image is the question: how โ€”a fundamentally methodological question."'''<br>์‚ฌ์ด๋ณด๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ณ ์ •๋œ ๋ณธ์งˆ์ด ์—†๊ณ , ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋„˜๋‚˜๋“œ๋Š” ์กด์žฌ์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ, ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ํ˜„์‹ค์„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฃฐ ๊ฒƒ์ธ๊ฐ€
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<blockquote>
In Shulamith Reinharzโ€™s terms, <mark>[[/inseperable knowledge |'''knowledge]]</mark> is inseparable from the process of strategic community building and understanding'''.
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Considered formally, then, '''<mark>[[/the attributes of feminist method | the attributes of feminist method]]</mark>''' are particularly important.
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"...where, after poststructuralism, can we find validity?" asks Patti Lather
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==Where should information be situated?==
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...It becomes new, however, when people are added as active interpreters of information, who themselves inhabit multiple contexts of use and practice. What becomes problematic under these circumstances is the relationship between people and things, or objects, the relationship that creates representations and not just noise. '''Information is only information when there are multiple interpretations.''' One personโ€™s noise may be anotherโ€™s signal, or two people may agree to attend to something but '''it is the tension between contexts that actually creates representation.'''
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'''Context - Tension - Representation'''<br> ์ •๋ณด๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌํ•˜๊ณ  ํ•ด์„๋˜๋Š” ๋ฌธํ™”์ , ์‚ฌํšŒ์ , ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ , ๊ฐœ์ธ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋งฅ๋ฝ๋“ค ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ๊ธด์žฅ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด ๊ธด์žฅ์ด ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์„ ์ดˆ๋ž˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ๊ทธ ์ž์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์ฐฝ์กฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ ์ด ์ค‘์š”. ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋งฅ๋ฝ์—์„œ ์ •๋ณด๊ฐ€ ํ•ด์„๋˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ถฉ๋Œํ•  ๋•Œ, ๊ทธ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํ‘œํ˜„/์˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์„ฑ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ.
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The expansion occurs by shifting the context in which the information resides.
'''๊ธด์žฅ''': ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ด€์ , ํ•ด์„, ํ˜น์€ ๋ฐฉ์‹๋“ค์ด ์ถฉ๋Œํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์„œ๋กœ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ. ์ด ์ถฉ๋Œ์€ ์ •๋ณด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์ ˆ๋Œ€์ ์ธ ํ•ด์„์ด ์•„๋‹Œ, ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ํ•ด์„์ด ์กด์žฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ „์ œ๋กœ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ธด์žฅ์€ ์ •๋ณด์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ํ’๋ถ€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ , ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ์žฌํ•ด์„๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธฐํšŒ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•œ๋‹ค.<br> :์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ์˜ˆ์ˆ  ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์ด ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‹œ๋Œ€์™€ ๋ฌธํ™”์—์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์„๋  ๋•Œ, ์ด ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธด์žฅ์€ ์ข…์ข… ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํ•ด์„๊ณผ ์˜๋ฏธ์˜ ํ™•์žฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜จ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์น˜ ํ˜„๋Œ€์˜ ๋…์ž๊ฐ€ ๊ณ ์ „ ๋ฌธํ•™ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์„ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์‹œ๊ฐ์—์„œ ํ•ด์„ํ•  ๋•Œ, ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์—๋Š” ๊ณ ๋ ค๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์˜๋ฏธ๋“ค์ด ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ.
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'''ํ‘œํ˜„๊ณผ ๋งฅ๋ฝ:''' ๊ธด์žฅ์€ ๊ถ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œํ˜„์„ ์ฐฝ์กฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ‘œํ˜„์ด๋ž€ ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ๋งฅ๋ฝ์—์„œ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋œ ์˜๋ฏธ๋‚˜ ์ƒ์ง•์„ ๋งํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ •๋ณด๊ฐ€ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ, ๊ทธ ์†์—์„œ ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋งฅ๋ฝ ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ธด์žฅ์ด ์—†๋‹ค๋ฉด, ํ‘œํ˜„์€ ๊ณ ์ •๋˜๊ณ  ์ •์ฒด๋œ ์˜๋ฏธ์— ๋จธ๋ฌด๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์ด ๊ธด์žฅ์ด ์กด์žฌํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ, ํ‘œํ˜„์€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋งฅ๋ฝ์—์„œ ์ƒˆ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์„๋˜๋ฉฐ, ๋™์ ์ด๊ณ  ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ(i.e ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท๋ฐˆ)๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ.
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==Objects in communities of practice==
===Mediated by "Member" objects===
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1.์‚ฌ๋ฌผ์€ ํ–‰๋™์— ๋ด‰์‚ฌํ•œ๋‹ค
2.์‚ฌ๋ฌผ์€ ํ–‰๋™์„ ์ค‘์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค
3.์‚ฌ๋ฌผ์€ ๋งฅ๋ฝ๊ณผ ํ–‰๋™ ์†์—์„œ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„๋‹ค
4.์‚ฌ๋ฌผ์ด ํ›„์† ํ–‰๋™์„ ์ค‘์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ํž˜์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„๋‹ค
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A community of practice is defined in large part according to the co-use of such objects, since all practice is so mediated. The relationship of the newcomer to the community largely revolves around the nature of the relationship with the objectsโ€”and not, counterintuitively, directly with the people. Acceptance or legitimacy derives from the familiarity of action mediated by โ€œmemberโ€ objects.
</blockquote>
ย 
===Familiarity and Naturalization===
She explains that when a new member joins a community of practice, the relationship with objects is more important than the relationships with other members of the community. In other words, to be recognized as a member of the community, '''one must become familiar with the objects used within that community. The <u>relationship with objects</u> becomes a key criterion for gaining legitimacy within the community.'''
<br><br>
When an object becomes '''naturalized''' within a community, it is no longer seen as something special but rather becomes something that members use as a matter of course. Members become part of the community through their interactions with these objects.
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์‚ฌ๋ฌผ์€ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ๋„๊ตฌ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฉฐ, ์‹ค์ฒœ ๊ณต๋™์ฒด์˜ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ํ™œ๋™์„ ์ค‘์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ๋ฌผ์€ ๊ทธ ๊ณต๋™์ฒด์—์„œ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›๋“ค ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›์ด ๊ณต๋™์ฒด์— ์ ์‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ธ์ •๋ฐ›๋Š” ๋ฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ, ์‚ฌ๋ฌผ์€ ์‹ค์ฒœ ๊ณต๋™์ฒด์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ์ ์ธ ๋งค๊ฐœ์ฒด๋กœ์„œ ๊ณต๋™์ฒด์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ.
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ย 
'''Trajectory of membership and ambiguity'''<br>She states that people move along a '''trajectory''' of belonging within a community of practice. This trajectory represents the process by which individuals gradually adapt to the community, develop a sense of belonging, and ultimately become full members.
ย 
'''From illegitimate peripheral participation to full membership'''<br> ์ด ๊ณผ์ •์€ ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ์ง€์‹์„ ์Œ“๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋งŒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ๊ณต๋™์ฒด ๋‚ด์—์„œ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ–‰๋™ํ•˜๊ณ  ์†Œํ†ตํ•˜๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์›Œ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๋งํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ•™์Šต์€ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ์ •๋ณด์˜ ์Šต๋“์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ์†Œ์†๊ฐ๊ณผ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์ •์ฒด์„ฑ์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋œป์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ €์ž๋Š” ์†Œ์† ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด, ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ์š”์†Œ๋กœ '''์‚ฌ๋ฌผ๊ณผ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์˜ ์ž์—ฐํ™” ๊ณผ์ •'''์„ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ๋ฌผ๊ณผ์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์ด ์†Œ์†์˜ ํ•„์ˆ˜ ์กฐ๊ฑด(sine qua non)์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋œป์ด๋ฉฐ, ์†Œ์†์˜ ๊ถค์ ์—์„œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ทธ ๊ณต๋™์ฒด์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋ฌผ๋“ค๊ณผ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋งบ๊ณ , ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ์ž์—ฐ์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ ์ต์ˆ™ํ•ด์ง€๋Š”์ง€์˜ ์—ฌ๋ถ€์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.
<br>
<br>
==Boundary Objects==
===Borderlands and Monsters - limitations of traditional sociology and functionalism===
์ €์ž๋Š” ์ „ํ†ต ์‚ฌํšŒํ•™์€ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์ž(insiders)์™€ ์™ธ๋ถ€์ž(outsiders)์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ฃผ์˜์  ์ƒ‰์ฑ„๋ฅผ ๋ค๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ฃผ์˜๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ฅผ ์•ˆ์ •๋œ ์ฒด๊ณ„๋กœ ๋ณด๊ณ , ๊ทธ ์•ˆ์—์„œ ๊ฐ์ž์˜ ์—ญํ• ๊ณผ ์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ์ •ํ•ด๋†“๋Š”๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ์‚ฌํšŒ๋Š” ์ž˜ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ฐ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋งก์€ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋กœ ์ดํ•ด๋˜๋ฉฐ, ์ด ๊ตฌ์กฐ ์•ˆ์—์„œ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์ž์™€ ์™ธ๋ถ€์ž์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์„ฑ๋ฆฝ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ฃผ์˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋ฌผ์˜ ๋ณธ์งˆ์ด๋‚˜ ๋‹ค์ค‘์˜ ์ •๋‹นํ•œ ์†Œ์†(์ฆ‰, ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ณต๋™์ฒด์— ์†ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ)์„ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ฃผ์˜์  ์‹œ๊ฐ์—์„œ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๊ณ ์ •๋œ ์†Œ์†๋งŒ์„ ๊ฐ€์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ณด์ด์ง€๋งŒ, ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ •์ฒด์„ฑ๊ณผ ์†Œ์†์„ ๋™์‹œ์— ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ๋†“์—ฌ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ง€์ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
'''๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์ง€๋Œ€์™€ ๋ชฌ์Šคํ„ฐ์™€์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„'''
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์†Œ์†๊ณผ ์ž์—ฐํ™” ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๋™์‹œ์— ์ƒ๊ฐํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์ง€๋Œ€์™€ ๋ชฌ์Šคํ„ฐ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋…์„ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ด€๊ณ„์  ์ง€๋„๋ฅผ ๊ทธ๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
'''Monster:''' occurs when an object refuses to undergo naturalization. Again, โ€˜Naturalizationโ€™ refers to the process by which a particular object or concept is accepted as natural and commonplace within a community. However, a monster resists this process of naturalization, remaining a strange and unfamiliar presence within the community.<br>
'''Borderland:''' arises when two communities of practice coexist within one person. For example, when an individual holds two or more identities or affiliations at the same time, that person is in the borderland. This concept, proposed by '''Gloria Anzaldรบa''', explains that people in the borderland have multiple affiliations but do not fully belong to any one of them.
<blockquote>
โ€ฆAnd feminism has had a great deal to say about this, for borderlands are the naturalized home of those monsters known as cyborgs.
</blockquote>
<blockquote>
In a practical sense, this is a way to talk about what happens to experience in the science classroom when someone comes in with no experience of formal science. '''It is not simply a matter of the strangeness, but of the politics of the mapping between the anomalies and the forms of strangeness/marginality.'''
</blockquote>
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์‚ฌ์ด๋ณด๊ทธ๋Š” ์ธ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋„˜๋Š” ์กด์žฌ๋กœ, ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๊ณต๋™์ฒด์— ์†ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ ์กด์žฌ์ด๋‹ค. ๋„๋‚˜ ํ•ด๋Ÿฌ์›จ์ด๋Š” ์‚ฌ์ด๋ณด๊ทธ๋ฅผ ๊ณ ์ •๋œ ์ •์ฒด์„ฑ์ด๋‚˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๋ฒ”์ฃผ์— ์–ฝ๋งค์ด์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์กด์žฌ๋กœ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Š” ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์ง€๋Œ€์—์„œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ชฌ์Šคํ„ฐ๋“ค๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋œ๋‹ค.
ย 
์ „ํ†ต ์‚ฌํšŒํ•™์ด ๊ณ ์ •๋œ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์ž/์™ธ๋ถ€์ž์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ์ง€๋งŒ, ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ณต๋™์ฒด์— ์†ํ•ด ์žˆ๊ณ , ์‚ฌ๋ฌผ์˜ ์ž์—ฐํ™”์— ์ €ํ•ญํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์ง€๋Œ€๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์†Œ์†์ด ๊ณต์กดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ด๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ์ž์—ฐํ™”๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๋ชฌ์Šคํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์  ์กด์žฌ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์ด๋ณด๊ทธ์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ํŽ˜๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜ ๋‹ด๋ก ์—์„œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
ย 
"์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์‚ฌ์ด๋ณด๊ทธ์˜ ์ง„์ •ํ•œ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•™์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ, ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ํ•™์ œ ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์ง€๋Œ€์—์„œ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๋Š” ํƒ๊ตฌ์ด๋ฉฐ, ์‚ฌ๋žŒ, ์‚ฌ๋ฌผ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ‘œํ˜„ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ „ํ†ต์ ์ธ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋„˜๋‚˜๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."
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ย 
==The relational nature==
===many-to-many relational mapping===
: A mapping between multiple marginality of people(borderlands and monsters) and multiple naturalizations of objects(boundary objects and standards)
ย 
์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ข…์ข… ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์‹ค์ฒœ ๊ณต๋™์ฒด์— ์†ํ•ด์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ ์•ˆ์—์„œ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์—ฌ์ง€์ง€ ์•Š๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ ์กด์žฌ๋กœ ๊ฒฝํ—˜๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์ง€๋Œ€(borderlands)์™€ ๋ชฌ์Šคํ„ฐ(monsters)์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋‘ ๊ณต๋™์ฒด ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด, '''๊ฒฝ๊ณ„ ๊ฐ์ฒด(boundary objects)์™€ ํ‘œ์ค€(standards)์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ณต๋™์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๊ณต์œ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์ฃผ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋ฌผ์ด๋‹ค.'''<br> ์ด ๋งคํ•‘ ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๊ณผ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์‹ค์ฒœ ๊ณต๋™์ฒด์—์„œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ž์—ฐํ™”๋œ ๊ฐ์ฒด ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•œ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, <u>'''๊ฒฝ๊ณ„ ๊ฐ์ฒด'''๋Š” ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ณต๋™์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ์ž์˜ ํ•„์š”์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ž์œ ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์œ ์—ฐ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฉฐ, '''ํ‘œ์ค€'''์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ณต๋™์ฒด์—์„œ ๊ณตํ†ต์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.</u><br><br>์ด ๋งคํ•‘ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์ง€๋‚˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ „ํ•œ๋‹ค.<br> 1. ๊ฐœ์ธ๊ณผ ์ง‘๋‹จ์ด ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์ง€๋Œ€์—์„œ ํ†ตํ•ฉ๋œ ์ž์•„๋ฅผ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ • (i.e. ์ฝœ๋ฆฐ์Šค์™€ ์•ˆ์ž˜๋‘์•„์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ)<br> 2. ์ง€์† ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„ ๊ฐ์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ฐฝ์กฐํ•˜์—ฌ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ณต๋™์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ด€์ ์„ ๊ณต์œ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ๋งˆ๋ จ.
ย 
<blockquote>
Over time, the mapping is between the means by which individuals and collectives have managed the work of creating coherent selves in the border lands (e.g., Collins, Anzaldรบa) on the one hand, and to create '''<mark>[[/durable boundary objects| durable boundary objects]]</mark>''' on the other.
</blockquote>
===many-to-many to meta-relational===
<blockquote>
The map must point '''simultaneously''' to the articulation of selves and the naturalization of objects.<br> One of the things that is important here is honoring (I wonโ€™t say capturing) the work involved in borderlands and boundary objects.
</blockquote>
'''1.๋‹ค๋Œ€๋‹ค ๊ด€๊ณ„์„ฑ์„ ๋„˜๋Š” ๋ฉ”ํƒ€-๊ด€๊ณ„์„ฑ'''<br>: ๋‹ค๋Œ€๋‹ค ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ž€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ณต๋™์ฒด์™€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ์ฒด ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์„ ๋œปํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๋ฉ”ํƒ€-๊ด€๊ณ„์„ฑ์€ '''๊ทธ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์„ ๋” ํฌ๊ด„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ณด๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ'''์„ ๋งํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ์ž์•„์˜ ์ •์ฒด์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ฒด์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ '''์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋œ ๋ฐฉ์‹'''์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋Š” ๊ทธ ์ž์ฒด๋กœ ์ƒ์œ„ ๊ฐœ๋…์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
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'''2.์ž์•„์˜ ํ‘œํ˜„๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ฒด์˜ ์ž์—ฐํ™”'''<br>: ์ž์•„์˜ ํ‘œํ˜„(articulation of selves)์€ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ด๋‚˜ ์ง‘๋‹จ์ด ์ž์‹ ์„ ์ •์˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ฐ์ฒด์˜ ์ž์—ฐํ™”(naturalization of objects)๋Š” ๊ทธ ๊ฐ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๊ณต๋™์ฒด ์•ˆ์—์„œ ๋‹น์—ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์—ฌ์ง€๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๋œปํ•œ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๋ฉ”ํƒ€-๊ด€๊ณ„์„ฑ์€ ์ด ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋™์‹œ์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ  ์„œ๋กœ์—๊ฒŒ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ๊ด€๊ณ„๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋œป.
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'''3.๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์ง€๋Œ€์™€ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„ ๊ฐ์ฒด์—์„œ์˜ ์ž‘์—… ์กด์ค‘'''<br>: ์ €์ž๋Š” ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์ง€๋Œ€์™€ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„ ๊ฐ์ฒด์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์ž‘์—…์„ ์กด์ค‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์˜ ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•œ๋‹ค. '''์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์ง€๋Œ€์™€ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„ ๊ฐ์ฒด๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋‹ค์ค‘ ๊ณต๋™์ฒด์— ์†ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ž์•„๋ฅผ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐ์ฒด์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•ด๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์  ์ž‘์—…์„ ์ƒ์ง•ํ•œ๋‹ค.''' ์ €์ž๋Š” ์ด๋ฅผ ์กด์ค‘ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ โ€˜ํฌ์ฐฉ(capturing)โ€™์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด ๋Œ€์‹  โ€˜์กด์ค‘(honoring)โ€™์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ์ด์œ ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ž‘์—…์ด ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ๊ธฐ๋ก๋˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ํ‹€์— ๋งž์ถฐ์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ์กด์ค‘๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์ดํ•ด๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ์—ญ๋™์ ์ธ ๊ณผ์ •์ž„์„ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•จ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
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This work is almost necessarily invisible from the point of view of any single community of practice: as Collins points out, what white person really sees the work of self-articulation of the black person who is juggling multiple demands/audiences/contingencies? '''It is not just willful blindness (although it can be that), but much more akin to <mark>[[/the blindness between different Kuhnian paradigms| the blindness between different Kuhnian paradigms, a revolutionary difference]].''' Yet the juggling is both tremendously costly and brilliantly artful.
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==Articulation Work/Invisible Work==
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What is the name for this work of managing the overheads and anomalies caused by multiple memberships on the one hand, and multiply naturalized objects on the other? Certainly, it is invisible. Most certainly, it is methodological, in the sense of reflecting on differences between methods and techniques. <u>It is often invisible. Within both symbolic interactionism and the new field of computer-supported cooperative work, the term '''โ€œarticulation workโ€''' has been used to talk about some forms of this invisible โ€œjugglingโ€ work </u> (Schmidt and Bannon 1992; Gerson and Star 1986).
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'''Canonically, articulation work is work done in real time to manage contingencies; work that gets things back โ€œon trackโ€ in the face of the unexpected, that modifies action to accommodate unanticipated contingencies.''' It is richly found for instance in the work of head nurses, secretaries, homeless people, parents, and air traffic control- lers, although of course all of us do articulation work in order to keep our work going.(์ด๋Š” ์‹ค์‹œ๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋“ค(์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด Suchman์˜ ์šฉ์–ด๋กœ โ€˜์ƒํ™ฉ์  ํ–‰๋™(situated actions)โ€™)์ด ์–ธ์ œ๋‚˜ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ.)
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'''๋ฐœํ™” ์ž‘์—…(articulation work)'''์€ ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ค€๊ณผ ๊ด€์ ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ํ•ด์„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ์กฐ์œจํ•˜์—ฌ ์ •๋ณด๊ฐ€ ์ผ๊ด€๋˜๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์„๋˜๋„๋ก ๋•๋Š” ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์ด๋‹ค. <u>์ด ์ž‘์—…์ด ์—†์œผ๋ฉด ๊ฐ๊ธฐ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ •์˜์™€ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ์ž…๋ ฅ๋œ ์ •๋ณด๋“ค์ด ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์•ˆ์—์„œ ์ผ๊ด€์„ฑ์„ ์žƒ๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค.</u> ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ์–ด๋–ค ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ๋‚™ํƒœ๋ฅผ ๋ฒ”์ฃ„๋กœ ๋ณด๊ณ  ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค์—์„œ ์ œ์™ธํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด, ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ์ด๋ฅผ ์˜๋ฃŒ ํ–‰์œ„๋กœ ๋ณด๊ณ  ํฌํ•จ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ์‹์ด๋‹ค. '''์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ค€์ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ด๋Š” ์ฐจ์ด๋Š” ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž์—๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ˜์˜๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ํŽธํ–ฅ๋œ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์„ ๋‚ด๋ฆฌ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ โ€˜ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๋ณดํŽธ์  ์ง„๋ฆฌโ€™๋กœ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์ผ ์œ„ํ—˜์— ์ฒ˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค.''' <u>๋ฐœํ™” ์ž‘์—…์€ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ด๊ณ  ์กฐ์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ, ์ •๋ณด๊ฐ€ ๊ท ํ˜• ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์„๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ด€์ ์ด ๋ฐ˜์˜๋œ ํ•ด์„์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ.</u>
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===Articulation work as the role of managing discrepancies between memberships and naturalization===
'''1.mismatches between memberships(์†Œ์†) and naturalization'''<br>: ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ณต๋™์ฒด์— ์†ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ํ•œ ๊ณณ์—์„œ ํ˜‘๋ ฅํ•  ๋•Œ, ๊ฐ ๊ณต๋™์ฒด์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€์™€ ๊ทœ๋ฒ”์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ถˆ์ผ์น˜๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ธด๋‹ค.
'''2.anomalies management'''<br>: ์ด์ƒ ํ˜„์ƒ์€ ์˜ˆ์ƒ ๋ฐ–์˜ ๊ฐ„์„ญ์ด๋‚˜ ์ค‘๋‹จ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ทœ๋ฒ”๊ณผ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ๋งž๋ฌผ๋ฆด ๋•Œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ์˜ˆ๊ธฐ์น˜ ์•Š์€ ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฐ„์„ญ์€ ์–ด๋–ค ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์˜ˆ์ƒ๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ–‰๋™์„ ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ํŠน์ • ๊ฐ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์˜ˆ์ƒ๋œ ํ๋ฆ„์„ ๋ฐฉํ•ดํ•  ๋•Œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฐœํ™” ์ž‘์—…์€ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ด์ƒ ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ์ถ”์ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์กฐ์œจํ•˜์—ฌ, ๊ณต๋™์ฒด ๊ฐ„์˜ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์„ ์›ํ™œํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•จ.
'''3.impossibility of glass box technology'''<br>: ํˆฌ๋ช… ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์€ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์„ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ํˆฌ๋ช…ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๊ณ  ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ณต๋™์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ์ผ ๋•Œ๋Š” ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€์™€ ๊ทœ๋ฒ”์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ํ•ญ์ƒ ์ด์ƒ ํ˜„์ƒ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ๋ชจ๋“  ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ์™„๋ฒฝํžˆ ํˆฌ๋ช…ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์–ด๋ ต -> ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ณต๋™์ฒด๊ฐ€ ํ˜‘๋ ฅํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์€ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ณต๋™์ฒด์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๋™์‹œ์— ์ถฉ์กฑ์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ต๊ณ , ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์ฐจ์ด์™€ ์ถฉ๋Œ์ด ์ƒ๊ธธ ์ˆ˜๋ฐ–์— ์—†๋‹ค.
'''4.creating monsters'''<br>: ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ณต๋™์ฒด์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ด€์ ๊ณผ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์ธ์ •ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๊ธฐ์ค€์„ ๊ฐ•์š”ํ•  ๋•Œ โ€˜๋ชฌ์Šคํ„ฐโ€™๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ธด๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ €์ž๋Š” ๊ณ„์† ์„ค๋ช…ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๋ชฌ์Šคํ„ฐ๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์†Œ์†๊ณผ ๊ธฐ์ค€์ด ์ถฉ๋Œํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ์ผ๊ด€์„ฑ ์—†๋Š” ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด๋‚˜ ์†Œ์™ธ๋œ ์กด์žฌ๋ฅผ ์ƒ์ง•ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ •๋‹น์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๊ณต๋™์ฒด๋“ค์ด ๋‹ค์ค‘์  ๊ธฐ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉด, ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์ผ๋ถ€ ๊ณต๋™์ฒด์˜ ๊ด€์ ์ด ๋ฌด์‹œ๋˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์–ต์••๋˜๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์ถฉ๋Œํ•˜๋Š” ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด๋‚˜ ๊ดด๋ฆฌ๊ฐ์ด ํฐ ์กด์žฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ.
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===The ideals of transparency and naturalization and their practical limitations===
'''1.the ideal goals of transparency and naturalization'''<br>: ์ด๋ก ์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š”, ์ž์—ฐํ™”์˜ ์ตœ์ข… ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฐ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์™„์ „ํ•œ ํˆฌ๋ช…์„ฑ์„ ์–ป๋Š” ์ง€์ ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ๊ฐ์ฒด๋‚˜ ๊ฐœ๋…์ด ํŠน์ • ๊ณต๋™์ฒด ์•ˆ์—์„œ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ์ž์—ฐ์Šค๋Ÿฌ์›Œ์ ธ, ์˜์‹ฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์„ค๋ช… ์—†์ด ๋‹น์—ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์—ฌ์ง€๋Š” ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ๋œปํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ. ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ, ์†Œ์†๊ฐ์˜ ์ตœ์ข… ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋Š” ๊ณต๋™์ฒด์˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์  ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ์™„์ „ํ•œ ์ •๋‹น์„ฑ์„ ํš๋“ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด ์ƒํƒœ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ณต๋™์ฒด์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ทœ๋ฒ”๊ณผ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€์— ์ ํ•ฉํ•œ ์กด์žฌ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์–ด, ๋” ์ด์ƒ ์˜๋ฌธ์ด๋‚˜ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ ์—†์ด ์ธ์ •๋ฐ›๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค.
'''2.practical limitations'''<br>: ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ํ˜„์‹ค ์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ƒํƒœ๊ฐ€ ๋ณธ์งˆ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์ด์œ ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์—๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์†Œ์†๊ฐ์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›์ด๋‚˜ ์ด๋ฐฉ์ธ์ด ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ฐ์ฒด๋‚˜ ๊ฐœ๋…์ด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋งฅ๋ฝ์—์„œ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ž์—ฐํ™”๋˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ผ์‹œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ด์ƒ์  ์ƒํƒœ์— ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์›Œ์ง€๋Š” ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์ด ์žˆ๋”๋ผ๋„, ์ด๋Š” ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ง€์†๋˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ.
'''3.things that make objects and statuses seem given, durable, real'''<br>: ์ž์—ฐํ™”๊ฐ€ ์™„์ „ํ•œ ํˆฌ๋ช…์„ฑ์— ๋„๋‹ฌํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋”๋ผ๋„, ์–ด๋–ค ์š”์†Œ๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ์ฒด์™€ ์ง€์œ„๋ฅผ ํ˜„์‹ค์ ์ด๊ณ  ๊ฒฌ๊ณ ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋Š๊ปด์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š”์ง€๊ฐ€ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค.
ย  '''3-1. ? '''<br>: ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฐ์ฒด๋‚˜ ์ง€์œ„๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹น์—ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์—ฌ์ง€๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์กด์žฌ๊ฐ€ ์•ˆ์ •์ ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ฒจ์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ ๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ. ์ด๋Š” ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฐœ๋…์ด๋‚˜ ๊ฐ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๊ณต๋™์ฒด์—์„œ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด๋‚˜๋„ ์ต์ˆ™ํ•ด์ง€๊ณ  ์ž์—ฐ์Šค๋Ÿฌ์›Œ์ ธ์„œ, ๊ทธ ์กด์žฌ์™€ ์—ญํ• ์— ์˜๋ฌธ์„ ํ’ˆ์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ๋งˆ์น˜ ํ•„์—ฐ์ ์ด๊ณ  ๋‹น์—ฐํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์ธ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋œป.<br>'''e.g. ์Šค๋งˆํŠธํฐ''': ์Šค๋งˆํŠธํฐ์€ ์ด์ œ ํ˜„๋Œ€ ์ƒํ™œ์—์„œ ๋งค์šฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฐ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ๋งˆ์น˜ ํ•„์ˆ˜ํ’ˆ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์—ฌ๊ฒจ์ง„๋‹ค. ์Šค๋งˆํŠธํฐ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๊ณผ ์—ญํ• ์€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด๋„ ์ž์—ฐ์Šค๋Ÿฌ์›Œ์ ธ์„œ, ๊ทธ ์กด์žฌ ์ž์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋” ์ด์ƒ ์˜์‹ฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ๋‹น์—ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์ด๊ฒŒ ๋œ ๊ฒƒ. ์ด๋Š” ์Šค๋งˆํŠธํฐ์ด ํ˜„์‹ค์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋Š๊ปด์ง€๋„๋ก ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์กŒ์Œ์„ ๋œปํ•œ๋‹ค.<br>'''e.g. ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ง€์œ„''': ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ์˜์‚ฌ๋ผ๋Š” ์ง์—…์˜ ์ง€์œ„๋Š” ๊ณต๋™์ฒด ๋‚ด์—์„œ ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ด๊ณ  ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋ฐ›๋Š” ์—ญํ• ๋กœ ์ž๋ฆฌ ์žก์•„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์˜์‚ฌ์˜ ์กด์žฌ์™€ ์—ญํ• ์„ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด๋‚˜๋„ ๋‹น์—ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ์˜์‚ฌ์˜ ์ง€์œ„๊ฐ€ ๋งˆ์น˜ ํ•„์—ฐ์ ์ด๊ณ  ์•ˆ์ •์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋Š๊ปด์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋œ ๊ฒƒ.
ย 
==Generalization and Ethics of Ambiguity==
ย 
ย 
==Casual vs. Committed Membership==

Latest revision as of 11:50, 4 November 2024

Introduction: The 'turkey baster disaster' and the realpolitik

What was important about it for our purposes here, however, was a marked shift in the community from essentialist, โ€œbiologicallyโ€ driven explana- tions to more complex, contradictory, heterogeneous ways of thinking about experi- ence and situations. โ€œMenโ€ became modified by โ€œour sonsโ€; โ€œmutantsโ€ were newly domesticated and intimate. And from this experience and many others, the vocabulary of essentialism was deeply scrutinized and abandoned (by many). Among other things, we took the misplaced concretism of sex and re-situated it within the concrete experi- ence of gender and relationships.

I want to take us from low-tech turkey basters to high-tech computers via this exam- ple, because I think it says something important about feminism, method, and tech- nology. One simplistic way of reading these events (and others of the late 1970s and early 1980s) is that the blunt reality of life experience interfered with an idealistic, ideo- logical kind of talkโ€”a form of realpolitik that was also a co-optation.

I hold that it is the all at once-ness that is at the core of feminist survival, and as a consequence at the core of our relationship to science and technology. The power to hold multiple, contradictory views in a moral collective is necessary in shaping the divergence between Big Brother and a positive, cyborg-inhabited multiverse.

ํŽ˜๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์ด ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ํ˜„์‹ค๊ณผ ๋ชจ์ˆœ๋œ ๊ด€์ ์„ ๋™์‹œ์— ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์ด๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ƒ์กดํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฐœ์ „ํ•ด์™”์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ด ๊ณผํ•™๊ณผ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ณด๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์—๋„ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋น… ๋ธŒ๋ผ๋”์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋‹จ์ผํ•œ ํ†ต์ œ์™€ ๊ทœ์œจ์„ ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋Š” ๋Œ€์‹ , ์‚ฌ์ด๋ณด๊ทธ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ณต์žก์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋‹ค์›์„ฑ์„ ํฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋™์‹œ๋‹ค๋ฐœ์„ฑ์€ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๋Š” ํ•ต์‹ฌ์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก ์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Š” ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ํƒ€ํ˜‘์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ํ˜„์‹ค ์†์—์„œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ด€์ ์„ ์ˆ˜์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๋œปํ•œ๋‹ค.

Look also-> 'A Cyborg Manifesto' by Donna J. Haraway, 1985


"Method is a way of surviving experience"

Method is a way of surviving experience. It is a word at once stronger than paradigm, in the sense that it often crosses, both historically and spatially, most uses of the Kuhnian term. It may be part of several paradigms; it may persist after other attributes of a paradigm have fallen away.

โ–ฒ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก ์€ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ , ๊ณต๊ฐ„์  ๋งฅ๋ฝ์„ ์ดˆ์›”ํ•ด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ํŒจ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ค์ž„์„ ๋„˜๋‚˜๋“ ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ํŒจ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ค์ž„์ด ๋ฐ”๋€Œ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์‚ฌ๋ผ์ง€๋”๋ผ๋„, ๊ทธ ์•ˆ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก ์€ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๋‚จ์•„์žˆ๊ณ  ์œ ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ๊ณผํ•™์  ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์—์„œ ์–ด๋–ค ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ์ด๋ก ์ด ํŒจ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ค์ž„์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์—ฌ์กŒ์„ ๋•Œ, ๊ทธ ์ด๋ก ์ด ๋‚˜์ค‘์— ๋ฒ„๋ ค์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ทธ ์ด๋ก ์„ ํƒ๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋“ค์€ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์œ ํšจํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค.

The geography of nature to be experienced by feminism
-Subjects are cyborg : ์‚ฌ์ด๋ณด๊ทธ๋Š” ์ธ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๋ชจํ˜ธํ•œ ์กด์žฌ๋กœ, ์œ ๋™์ ์ด๊ณ  ๊ณ ์ •๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ •์ฒด์„ฑ์„ ์ƒ์ง•ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํŽ˜๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์—์„œ ์ฃผ์ฒด๋Š” ๊ณ ์ •๋œ ์„ฑ๋ณ„, ์ •์ฒด์„ฑ์„ ๋„˜์–ด์„œ๋Š” ์กด์žฌ๋กœ์„œ, ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋Š์ž„์—†์ด ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
-Nature is Coyote : ์ž์—ฐ์ด๋‚˜ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ณธ์งˆ์„ ๊ณ ์ •๋œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ , ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ์ˆ˜์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ด€์ .
-The geography is elsewhere : ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์ง€๋ฆฌ์  ๋˜๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๋” ์ด์ƒ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํŒจ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ค์ž„ ์†์—์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ ๊ณณ์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์„๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ.

"...Included in the cyborg image is the question: how โ€”a fundamentally methodological question."
์‚ฌ์ด๋ณด๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ณ ์ •๋œ ๋ณธ์งˆ์ด ์—†๊ณ , ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋„˜๋‚˜๋“œ๋Š” ์กด์žฌ์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ, ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ํ˜„์‹ค์„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฃฐ ๊ฒƒ์ธ๊ฐ€

In Shulamith Reinharzโ€™s terms, knowledge is inseparable from the process of strategic community building and understanding.

Considered formally, then, the attributes of feminist method are particularly important.

"...where, after poststructuralism, can we find validity?" asks Patti Lather



Where should information be situated?

...It becomes new, however, when people are added as active interpreters of information, who themselves inhabit multiple contexts of use and practice. What becomes problematic under these circumstances is the relationship between people and things, or objects, the relationship that creates representations and not just noise. Information is only information when there are multiple interpretations. One personโ€™s noise may be anotherโ€™s signal, or two people may agree to attend to something but it is the tension between contexts that actually creates representation.

Context - Tension - Representation
์ •๋ณด๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌํ•˜๊ณ  ํ•ด์„๋˜๋Š” ๋ฌธํ™”์ , ์‚ฌํšŒ์ , ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ , ๊ฐœ์ธ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋งฅ๋ฝ๋“ค ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ๊ธด์žฅ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด ๊ธด์žฅ์ด ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์„ ์ดˆ๋ž˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ๊ทธ ์ž์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์ฐฝ์กฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ ์ด ์ค‘์š”. ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋งฅ๋ฝ์—์„œ ์ •๋ณด๊ฐ€ ํ•ด์„๋˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ถฉ๋Œํ•  ๋•Œ, ๊ทธ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํ‘œํ˜„/์˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์„ฑ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ.

The expansion occurs by shifting the context in which the information resides.

๊ธด์žฅ: ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ด€์ , ํ•ด์„, ํ˜น์€ ๋ฐฉ์‹๋“ค์ด ์ถฉ๋Œํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์„œ๋กœ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ. ์ด ์ถฉ๋Œ์€ ์ •๋ณด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์ ˆ๋Œ€์ ์ธ ํ•ด์„์ด ์•„๋‹Œ, ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ํ•ด์„์ด ์กด์žฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ „์ œ๋กœ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ธด์žฅ์€ ์ •๋ณด์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ํ’๋ถ€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ , ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ์žฌํ•ด์„๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธฐํšŒ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•œ๋‹ค.
:์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ์˜ˆ์ˆ  ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์ด ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‹œ๋Œ€์™€ ๋ฌธํ™”์—์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์„๋  ๋•Œ, ์ด ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธด์žฅ์€ ์ข…์ข… ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํ•ด์„๊ณผ ์˜๋ฏธ์˜ ํ™•์žฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜จ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์น˜ ํ˜„๋Œ€์˜ ๋…์ž๊ฐ€ ๊ณ ์ „ ๋ฌธํ•™ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์„ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์‹œ๊ฐ์—์„œ ํ•ด์„ํ•  ๋•Œ, ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์—๋Š” ๊ณ ๋ ค๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์˜๋ฏธ๋“ค์ด ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ.
ํ‘œํ˜„๊ณผ ๋งฅ๋ฝ: ๊ธด์žฅ์€ ๊ถ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œํ˜„์„ ์ฐฝ์กฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ‘œํ˜„์ด๋ž€ ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ๋งฅ๋ฝ์—์„œ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋œ ์˜๋ฏธ๋‚˜ ์ƒ์ง•์„ ๋งํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ •๋ณด๊ฐ€ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ, ๊ทธ ์†์—์„œ ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋งฅ๋ฝ ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ธด์žฅ์ด ์—†๋‹ค๋ฉด, ํ‘œํ˜„์€ ๊ณ ์ •๋˜๊ณ  ์ •์ฒด๋œ ์˜๋ฏธ์— ๋จธ๋ฌด๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์ด ๊ธด์žฅ์ด ์กด์žฌํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ, ํ‘œํ˜„์€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋งฅ๋ฝ์—์„œ ์ƒˆ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์„๋˜๋ฉฐ, ๋™์ ์ด๊ณ  ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ(i.e ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท๋ฐˆ)๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ.



Objects in communities of practice

Mediated by "Member" objects

 1.์‚ฌ๋ฌผ์€ ํ–‰๋™์— ๋ด‰์‚ฌํ•œ๋‹ค
 2.์‚ฌ๋ฌผ์€ ํ–‰๋™์„ ์ค‘์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค
 3.์‚ฌ๋ฌผ์€ ๋งฅ๋ฝ๊ณผ ํ–‰๋™ ์†์—์„œ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„๋‹ค
 4.์‚ฌ๋ฌผ์ด ํ›„์† ํ–‰๋™์„ ์ค‘์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ํž˜์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„๋‹ค

A community of practice is defined in large part according to the co-use of such objects, since all practice is so mediated. The relationship of the newcomer to the community largely revolves around the nature of the relationship with the objectsโ€”and not, counterintuitively, directly with the people. Acceptance or legitimacy derives from the familiarity of action mediated by โ€œmemberโ€ objects.

Familiarity and Naturalization

She explains that when a new member joins a community of practice, the relationship with objects is more important than the relationships with other members of the community. In other words, to be recognized as a member of the community, one must become familiar with the objects used within that community. The relationship with objects becomes a key criterion for gaining legitimacy within the community.

When an object becomes naturalized within a community, it is no longer seen as something special but rather becomes something that members use as a matter of course. Members become part of the community through their interactions with these objects.

์‚ฌ๋ฌผ์€ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ๋„๊ตฌ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฉฐ, ์‹ค์ฒœ ๊ณต๋™์ฒด์˜ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ํ™œ๋™์„ ์ค‘์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ๋ฌผ์€ ๊ทธ ๊ณต๋™์ฒด์—์„œ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›๋“ค ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›์ด ๊ณต๋™์ฒด์— ์ ์‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ธ์ •๋ฐ›๋Š” ๋ฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ, ์‚ฌ๋ฌผ์€ ์‹ค์ฒœ ๊ณต๋™์ฒด์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ์ ์ธ ๋งค๊ฐœ์ฒด๋กœ์„œ ๊ณต๋™์ฒด์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ.
Trajectory of membership and ambiguity
She states that people move along a trajectory of belonging within a community of practice. This trajectory represents the process by which individuals gradually adapt to the community, develop a sense of belonging, and ultimately become full members.
From illegitimate peripheral participation to full membership
์ด ๊ณผ์ •์€ ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ์ง€์‹์„ ์Œ“๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋งŒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ๊ณต๋™์ฒด ๋‚ด์—์„œ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ–‰๋™ํ•˜๊ณ  ์†Œํ†ตํ•˜๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์›Œ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๋งํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ•™์Šต์€ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ์ •๋ณด์˜ ์Šต๋“์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ์†Œ์†๊ฐ๊ณผ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์ •์ฒด์„ฑ์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋œป์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ €์ž๋Š” ์†Œ์† ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด, ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ์š”์†Œ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋ฌผ๊ณผ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์˜ ์ž์—ฐํ™” ๊ณผ์ •์„ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ๋ฌผ๊ณผ์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์ด ์†Œ์†์˜ ํ•„์ˆ˜ ์กฐ๊ฑด(sine qua non)์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋œป์ด๋ฉฐ, ์†Œ์†์˜ ๊ถค์ ์—์„œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ทธ ๊ณต๋™์ฒด์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋ฌผ๋“ค๊ณผ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋งบ๊ณ , ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ์ž์—ฐ์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ ์ต์ˆ™ํ•ด์ง€๋Š”์ง€์˜ ์—ฌ๋ถ€์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.



Boundary Objects

Borderlands and Monsters - limitations of traditional sociology and functionalism

์ €์ž๋Š” ์ „ํ†ต ์‚ฌํšŒํ•™์€ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์ž(insiders)์™€ ์™ธ๋ถ€์ž(outsiders)์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ฃผ์˜์  ์ƒ‰์ฑ„๋ฅผ ๋ค๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ฃผ์˜๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ฅผ ์•ˆ์ •๋œ ์ฒด๊ณ„๋กœ ๋ณด๊ณ , ๊ทธ ์•ˆ์—์„œ ๊ฐ์ž์˜ ์—ญํ• ๊ณผ ์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ์ •ํ•ด๋†“๋Š”๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ์‚ฌํšŒ๋Š” ์ž˜ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ฐ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋งก์€ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋กœ ์ดํ•ด๋˜๋ฉฐ, ์ด ๊ตฌ์กฐ ์•ˆ์—์„œ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์ž์™€ ์™ธ๋ถ€์ž์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์„ฑ๋ฆฝ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ฃผ์˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋ฌผ์˜ ๋ณธ์งˆ์ด๋‚˜ ๋‹ค์ค‘์˜ ์ •๋‹นํ•œ ์†Œ์†(์ฆ‰, ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ณต๋™์ฒด์— ์†ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ)์„ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ฃผ์˜์  ์‹œ๊ฐ์—์„œ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๊ณ ์ •๋œ ์†Œ์†๋งŒ์„ ๊ฐ€์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ณด์ด์ง€๋งŒ, ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ •์ฒด์„ฑ๊ณผ ์†Œ์†์„ ๋™์‹œ์— ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ๋†“์—ฌ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ง€์ ํ•œ๋‹ค.

๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์ง€๋Œ€์™€ ๋ชฌ์Šคํ„ฐ์™€์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์†Œ์†๊ณผ ์ž์—ฐํ™” ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๋™์‹œ์— ์ƒ๊ฐํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์ง€๋Œ€์™€ ๋ชฌ์Šคํ„ฐ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋…์„ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ด€๊ณ„์  ์ง€๋„๋ฅผ ๊ทธ๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

Monster: occurs when an object refuses to undergo naturalization. Again, โ€˜Naturalizationโ€™ refers to the process by which a particular object or concept is accepted as natural and commonplace within a community. However, a monster resists this process of naturalization, remaining a strange and unfamiliar presence within the community.
Borderland: arises when two communities of practice coexist within one person. For example, when an individual holds two or more identities or affiliations at the same time, that person is in the borderland. This concept, proposed by Gloria Anzaldรบa, explains that people in the borderland have multiple affiliations but do not fully belong to any one of them.

โ€ฆAnd feminism has had a great deal to say about this, for borderlands are the naturalized home of those monsters known as cyborgs.

In a practical sense, this is a way to talk about what happens to experience in the science classroom when someone comes in with no experience of formal science. It is not simply a matter of the strangeness, but of the politics of the mapping between the anomalies and the forms of strangeness/marginality.

์‚ฌ์ด๋ณด๊ทธ๋Š” ์ธ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋„˜๋Š” ์กด์žฌ๋กœ, ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๊ณต๋™์ฒด์— ์†ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ ์กด์žฌ์ด๋‹ค. ๋„๋‚˜ ํ•ด๋Ÿฌ์›จ์ด๋Š” ์‚ฌ์ด๋ณด๊ทธ๋ฅผ ๊ณ ์ •๋œ ์ •์ฒด์„ฑ์ด๋‚˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๋ฒ”์ฃผ์— ์–ฝ๋งค์ด์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์กด์žฌ๋กœ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Š” ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์ง€๋Œ€์—์„œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ชฌ์Šคํ„ฐ๋“ค๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋œ๋‹ค.

์ „ํ†ต ์‚ฌํšŒํ•™์ด ๊ณ ์ •๋œ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์ž/์™ธ๋ถ€์ž์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ์ง€๋งŒ, ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ณต๋™์ฒด์— ์†ํ•ด ์žˆ๊ณ , ์‚ฌ๋ฌผ์˜ ์ž์—ฐํ™”์— ์ €ํ•ญํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์ง€๋Œ€๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์†Œ์†์ด ๊ณต์กดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ด๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ์ž์—ฐํ™”๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๋ชฌ์Šคํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์  ์กด์žฌ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์ด๋ณด๊ทธ์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ํŽ˜๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜ ๋‹ด๋ก ์—์„œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค.

"์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์‚ฌ์ด๋ณด๊ทธ์˜ ์ง„์ •ํ•œ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•™์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ, ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ํ•™์ œ ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์ง€๋Œ€์—์„œ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๋Š” ํƒ๊ตฌ์ด๋ฉฐ, ์‚ฌ๋žŒ, ์‚ฌ๋ฌผ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ‘œํ˜„ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ „ํ†ต์ ์ธ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋„˜๋‚˜๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."

The relational nature

many-to-many relational mapping

A mapping between multiple marginality of people(borderlands and monsters) and multiple naturalizations of objects(boundary objects and standards)
์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ข…์ข… ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์‹ค์ฒœ ๊ณต๋™์ฒด์— ์†ํ•ด์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ ์•ˆ์—์„œ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์—ฌ์ง€์ง€ ์•Š๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ ์กด์žฌ๋กœ ๊ฒฝํ—˜๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์ง€๋Œ€(borderlands)์™€ ๋ชฌ์Šคํ„ฐ(monsters)์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋‘ ๊ณต๋™์ฒด ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด, ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„ ๊ฐ์ฒด(boundary objects)์™€ ํ‘œ์ค€(standards)์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ณต๋™์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๊ณต์œ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์ฃผ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋ฌผ์ด๋‹ค.
์ด ๋งคํ•‘ ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๊ณผ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์‹ค์ฒœ ๊ณต๋™์ฒด์—์„œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ž์—ฐํ™”๋œ ๊ฐ์ฒด ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•œ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„ ๊ฐ์ฒด๋Š” ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ณต๋™์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ์ž์˜ ํ•„์š”์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ž์œ ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์œ ์—ฐ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฉฐ, ํ‘œ์ค€์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ณต๋™์ฒด์—์„œ ๊ณตํ†ต์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

์ด ๋งคํ•‘ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์ง€๋‚˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ „ํ•œ๋‹ค.
1. ๊ฐœ์ธ๊ณผ ์ง‘๋‹จ์ด ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์ง€๋Œ€์—์„œ ํ†ตํ•ฉ๋œ ์ž์•„๋ฅผ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ • (i.e. ์ฝœ๋ฆฐ์Šค์™€ ์•ˆ์ž˜๋‘์•„์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ)
2. ์ง€์† ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„ ๊ฐ์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ฐฝ์กฐํ•˜์—ฌ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ณต๋™์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ด€์ ์„ ๊ณต์œ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ๋งˆ๋ จ.

Over time, the mapping is between the means by which individuals and collectives have managed the work of creating coherent selves in the border lands (e.g., Collins, Anzaldรบa) on the one hand, and to create durable boundary objects on the other.

many-to-many to meta-relational

The map must point simultaneously to the articulation of selves and the naturalization of objects.
One of the things that is important here is honoring (I wonโ€™t say capturing) the work involved in borderlands and boundary objects.

1.๋‹ค๋Œ€๋‹ค ๊ด€๊ณ„์„ฑ์„ ๋„˜๋Š” ๋ฉ”ํƒ€-๊ด€๊ณ„์„ฑ
: ๋‹ค๋Œ€๋‹ค ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ž€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ณต๋™์ฒด์™€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ์ฒด ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์„ ๋œปํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๋ฉ”ํƒ€-๊ด€๊ณ„์„ฑ์€ ๊ทธ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์„ ๋” ํฌ๊ด„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ณด๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ์„ ๋งํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ์ž์•„์˜ ์ •์ฒด์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ฒด์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋œ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋Š” ๊ทธ ์ž์ฒด๋กœ ์ƒ์œ„ ๊ฐœ๋…์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
2.์ž์•„์˜ ํ‘œํ˜„๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ฒด์˜ ์ž์—ฐํ™”
: ์ž์•„์˜ ํ‘œํ˜„(articulation of selves)์€ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ด๋‚˜ ์ง‘๋‹จ์ด ์ž์‹ ์„ ์ •์˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ฐ์ฒด์˜ ์ž์—ฐํ™”(naturalization of objects)๋Š” ๊ทธ ๊ฐ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๊ณต๋™์ฒด ์•ˆ์—์„œ ๋‹น์—ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์—ฌ์ง€๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๋œปํ•œ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๋ฉ”ํƒ€-๊ด€๊ณ„์„ฑ์€ ์ด ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋™์‹œ์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ  ์„œ๋กœ์—๊ฒŒ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ๊ด€๊ณ„๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋œป.
3.๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์ง€๋Œ€์™€ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„ ๊ฐ์ฒด์—์„œ์˜ ์ž‘์—… ์กด์ค‘
: ์ €์ž๋Š” ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์ง€๋Œ€์™€ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„ ๊ฐ์ฒด์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์ž‘์—…์„ ์กด์ค‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์˜ ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•œ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์ง€๋Œ€์™€ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„ ๊ฐ์ฒด๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋‹ค์ค‘ ๊ณต๋™์ฒด์— ์†ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ž์•„๋ฅผ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐ์ฒด์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•ด๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์  ์ž‘์—…์„ ์ƒ์ง•ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ €์ž๋Š” ์ด๋ฅผ ์กด์ค‘ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ โ€˜ํฌ์ฐฉ(capturing)โ€™์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด ๋Œ€์‹  โ€˜์กด์ค‘(honoring)โ€™์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ์ด์œ ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ž‘์—…์ด ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ๊ธฐ๋ก๋˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ํ‹€์— ๋งž์ถฐ์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ์กด์ค‘๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์ดํ•ด๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ์—ญ๋™์ ์ธ ๊ณผ์ •์ž„์„ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•จ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

This work is almost necessarily invisible from the point of view of any single community of practice: as Collins points out, what white person really sees the work of self-articulation of the black person who is juggling multiple demands/audiences/contingencies? It is not just willful blindness (although it can be that), but much more akin to the blindness between different Kuhnian paradigms, a revolutionary difference. Yet the juggling is both tremendously costly and brilliantly artful.


Articulation Work/Invisible Work

What is the name for this work of managing the overheads and anomalies caused by multiple memberships on the one hand, and multiply naturalized objects on the other? Certainly, it is invisible. Most certainly, it is methodological, in the sense of reflecting on differences between methods and techniques. It is often invisible. Within both symbolic interactionism and the new field of computer-supported cooperative work, the term โ€œarticulation workโ€ has been used to talk about some forms of this invisible โ€œjugglingโ€ work (Schmidt and Bannon 1992; Gerson and Star 1986).

Canonically, articulation work is work done in real time to manage contingencies; work that gets things back โ€œon trackโ€ in the face of the unexpected, that modifies action to accommodate unanticipated contingencies. It is richly found for instance in the work of head nurses, secretaries, homeless people, parents, and air traffic control- lers, although of course all of us do articulation work in order to keep our work going.(์ด๋Š” ์‹ค์‹œ๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋“ค(์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด Suchman์˜ ์šฉ์–ด๋กœ โ€˜์ƒํ™ฉ์  ํ–‰๋™(situated actions)โ€™)์ด ์–ธ์ œ๋‚˜ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ.)

๋ฐœํ™” ์ž‘์—…(articulation work)์€ ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ค€๊ณผ ๊ด€์ ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ํ•ด์„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ์กฐ์œจํ•˜์—ฌ ์ •๋ณด๊ฐ€ ์ผ๊ด€๋˜๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์„๋˜๋„๋ก ๋•๋Š” ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์ด๋‹ค. ์ด ์ž‘์—…์ด ์—†์œผ๋ฉด ๊ฐ๊ธฐ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ •์˜์™€ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ์ž…๋ ฅ๋œ ์ •๋ณด๋“ค์ด ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์•ˆ์—์„œ ์ผ๊ด€์„ฑ์„ ์žƒ๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ์–ด๋–ค ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ๋‚™ํƒœ๋ฅผ ๋ฒ”์ฃ„๋กœ ๋ณด๊ณ  ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค์—์„œ ์ œ์™ธํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด, ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ์ด๋ฅผ ์˜๋ฃŒ ํ–‰์œ„๋กœ ๋ณด๊ณ  ํฌํ•จ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ์‹์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ค€์ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ด๋Š” ์ฐจ์ด๋Š” ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž์—๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ˜์˜๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ํŽธํ–ฅ๋œ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์„ ๋‚ด๋ฆฌ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ โ€˜ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๋ณดํŽธ์  ์ง„๋ฆฌโ€™๋กœ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์ผ ์œ„ํ—˜์— ์ฒ˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ฐœํ™” ์ž‘์—…์€ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ด๊ณ  ์กฐ์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ, ์ •๋ณด๊ฐ€ ๊ท ํ˜• ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์„๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ด€์ ์ด ๋ฐ˜์˜๋œ ํ•ด์„์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ.


Articulation work as the role of managing discrepancies between memberships and naturalization

1.mismatches between memberships(์†Œ์†) and naturalization
: ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ณต๋™์ฒด์— ์†ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ํ•œ ๊ณณ์—์„œ ํ˜‘๋ ฅํ•  ๋•Œ, ๊ฐ ๊ณต๋™์ฒด์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€์™€ ๊ทœ๋ฒ”์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ถˆ์ผ์น˜๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ธด๋‹ค. 2.anomalies management
: ์ด์ƒ ํ˜„์ƒ์€ ์˜ˆ์ƒ ๋ฐ–์˜ ๊ฐ„์„ญ์ด๋‚˜ ์ค‘๋‹จ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ทœ๋ฒ”๊ณผ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ๋งž๋ฌผ๋ฆด ๋•Œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ์˜ˆ๊ธฐ์น˜ ์•Š์€ ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฐ„์„ญ์€ ์–ด๋–ค ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์˜ˆ์ƒ๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ–‰๋™์„ ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ํŠน์ • ๊ฐ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์˜ˆ์ƒ๋œ ํ๋ฆ„์„ ๋ฐฉํ•ดํ•  ๋•Œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฐœํ™” ์ž‘์—…์€ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ด์ƒ ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ์ถ”์ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์กฐ์œจํ•˜์—ฌ, ๊ณต๋™์ฒด ๊ฐ„์˜ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์„ ์›ํ™œํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•จ. 3.impossibility of glass box technology
: ํˆฌ๋ช… ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์€ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์„ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ํˆฌ๋ช…ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๊ณ  ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ณต๋™์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ์ผ ๋•Œ๋Š” ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€์™€ ๊ทœ๋ฒ”์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ํ•ญ์ƒ ์ด์ƒ ํ˜„์ƒ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ๋ชจ๋“  ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ์™„๋ฒฝํžˆ ํˆฌ๋ช…ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์–ด๋ ต -> ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ณต๋™์ฒด๊ฐ€ ํ˜‘๋ ฅํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์€ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ณต๋™์ฒด์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๋™์‹œ์— ์ถฉ์กฑ์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ต๊ณ , ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์ฐจ์ด์™€ ์ถฉ๋Œ์ด ์ƒ๊ธธ ์ˆ˜๋ฐ–์— ์—†๋‹ค. 4.creating monsters
: ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ณต๋™์ฒด์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ด€์ ๊ณผ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์ธ์ •ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๊ธฐ์ค€์„ ๊ฐ•์š”ํ•  ๋•Œ โ€˜๋ชฌ์Šคํ„ฐโ€™๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ธด๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ €์ž๋Š” ๊ณ„์† ์„ค๋ช…ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๋ชฌ์Šคํ„ฐ๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์†Œ์†๊ณผ ๊ธฐ์ค€์ด ์ถฉ๋Œํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ์ผ๊ด€์„ฑ ์—†๋Š” ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด๋‚˜ ์†Œ์™ธ๋œ ์กด์žฌ๋ฅผ ์ƒ์ง•ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ •๋‹น์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๊ณต๋™์ฒด๋“ค์ด ๋‹ค์ค‘์  ๊ธฐ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉด, ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์ผ๋ถ€ ๊ณต๋™์ฒด์˜ ๊ด€์ ์ด ๋ฌด์‹œ๋˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์–ต์••๋˜๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์ถฉ๋Œํ•˜๋Š” ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด๋‚˜ ๊ดด๋ฆฌ๊ฐ์ด ํฐ ์กด์žฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ.


The ideals of transparency and naturalization and their practical limitations

1.the ideal goals of transparency and naturalization
: ์ด๋ก ์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š”, ์ž์—ฐํ™”์˜ ์ตœ์ข… ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฐ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์™„์ „ํ•œ ํˆฌ๋ช…์„ฑ์„ ์–ป๋Š” ์ง€์ ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ๊ฐ์ฒด๋‚˜ ๊ฐœ๋…์ด ํŠน์ • ๊ณต๋™์ฒด ์•ˆ์—์„œ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ์ž์—ฐ์Šค๋Ÿฌ์›Œ์ ธ, ์˜์‹ฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์„ค๋ช… ์—†์ด ๋‹น์—ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์—ฌ์ง€๋Š” ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ๋œปํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ. ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ, ์†Œ์†๊ฐ์˜ ์ตœ์ข… ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋Š” ๊ณต๋™์ฒด์˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์  ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ์™„์ „ํ•œ ์ •๋‹น์„ฑ์„ ํš๋“ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด ์ƒํƒœ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ณต๋™์ฒด์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ทœ๋ฒ”๊ณผ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€์— ์ ํ•ฉํ•œ ์กด์žฌ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์–ด, ๋” ์ด์ƒ ์˜๋ฌธ์ด๋‚˜ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ ์—†์ด ์ธ์ •๋ฐ›๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. 2.practical limitations
: ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ํ˜„์‹ค ์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ƒํƒœ๊ฐ€ ๋ณธ์งˆ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์ด์œ ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์—๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์†Œ์†๊ฐ์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›์ด๋‚˜ ์ด๋ฐฉ์ธ์ด ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ฐ์ฒด๋‚˜ ๊ฐœ๋…์ด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋งฅ๋ฝ์—์„œ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ž์—ฐํ™”๋˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ผ์‹œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ด์ƒ์  ์ƒํƒœ์— ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์›Œ์ง€๋Š” ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์ด ์žˆ๋”๋ผ๋„, ์ด๋Š” ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ง€์†๋˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ. 3.things that make objects and statuses seem given, durable, real
: ์ž์—ฐํ™”๊ฐ€ ์™„์ „ํ•œ ํˆฌ๋ช…์„ฑ์— ๋„๋‹ฌํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋”๋ผ๋„, ์–ด๋–ค ์š”์†Œ๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ์ฒด์™€ ์ง€์œ„๋ฅผ ํ˜„์‹ค์ ์ด๊ณ  ๊ฒฌ๊ณ ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋Š๊ปด์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š”์ง€๊ฐ€ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. 3-1. ?
: ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฐ์ฒด๋‚˜ ์ง€์œ„๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹น์—ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์—ฌ์ง€๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์กด์žฌ๊ฐ€ ์•ˆ์ •์ ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ฒจ์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ ๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ. ์ด๋Š” ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฐœ๋…์ด๋‚˜ ๊ฐ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๊ณต๋™์ฒด์—์„œ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด๋‚˜๋„ ์ต์ˆ™ํ•ด์ง€๊ณ  ์ž์—ฐ์Šค๋Ÿฌ์›Œ์ ธ์„œ, ๊ทธ ์กด์žฌ์™€ ์—ญํ• ์— ์˜๋ฌธ์„ ํ’ˆ์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ๋งˆ์น˜ ํ•„์—ฐ์ ์ด๊ณ  ๋‹น์—ฐํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์ธ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋œป.
e.g. ์Šค๋งˆํŠธํฐ: ์Šค๋งˆํŠธํฐ์€ ์ด์ œ ํ˜„๋Œ€ ์ƒํ™œ์—์„œ ๋งค์šฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฐ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ๋งˆ์น˜ ํ•„์ˆ˜ํ’ˆ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์—ฌ๊ฒจ์ง„๋‹ค. ์Šค๋งˆํŠธํฐ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๊ณผ ์—ญํ• ์€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด๋„ ์ž์—ฐ์Šค๋Ÿฌ์›Œ์ ธ์„œ, ๊ทธ ์กด์žฌ ์ž์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋” ์ด์ƒ ์˜์‹ฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ๋‹น์—ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์ด๊ฒŒ ๋œ ๊ฒƒ. ์ด๋Š” ์Šค๋งˆํŠธํฐ์ด ํ˜„์‹ค์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋Š๊ปด์ง€๋„๋ก ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์กŒ์Œ์„ ๋œปํ•œ๋‹ค.
e.g. ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ง€์œ„: ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ์˜์‚ฌ๋ผ๋Š” ์ง์—…์˜ ์ง€์œ„๋Š” ๊ณต๋™์ฒด ๋‚ด์—์„œ ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ด๊ณ  ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋ฐ›๋Š” ์—ญํ• ๋กœ ์ž๋ฆฌ ์žก์•„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์˜์‚ฌ์˜ ์กด์žฌ์™€ ์—ญํ• ์„ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด๋‚˜๋„ ๋‹น์—ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ์˜์‚ฌ์˜ ์ง€์œ„๊ฐ€ ๋งˆ์น˜ ํ•„์—ฐ์ ์ด๊ณ  ์•ˆ์ •์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋Š๊ปด์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋œ ๊ฒƒ.

Generalization and Ethics of Ambiguity

Casual vs. Committed Membership