Latest revision as of 15:43, 24 October 2023

Styling with CSS

Documentation + tutorials:

Works and projects making heavy use of CSS:

Dina Kelberman, Untitled Game https://dinakelberman.com/untitledgame/
Olia Lialina My boyfriend came back from the war

CSS - Cascading Style Sheets

HTML is not meant to style (inline styling eg: <h1 style="color:red;background:black;"> is discouraged, however still sometimes useful to use).

CSS is the preferred to way to style.

HTML tell the browser what content it should display
CSS tells the browser how to display that content.

CSS inside an HTML page

You can do this in two ways:

CSS code goes inside the style tag <style> ... </style>
<style> ... </style> tags are placed inside the head of the HTML page

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
 <head>
    <style>

     body{
        background: #FF19DC;
	    color: black;
	    font-family: monospace;
	 }

   </style>
   </head>
   </html>
   <body></body>
</html>

CSS in a separate stylesheet

The CSS for a HTML page (or several pages) can stored outside the page, in a CSS file.

To do that we need link the HTML file to the CSS file, using the <link> inside the <head>.

<link href="style.css" rel="stylesheet" />

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
  <head>
    <link href="stylesheet.css" rel="stylesheet" />
  </head>
  <body>
  ....

anatomy of a CSS rule

Each CSS style sheet (all the styles of a page) is made of several rules.

Each rule follows the syntax:

Source: http://dabrook.org/resources/posters/

Example of a CSS rule

element: what element(s) is being styled e.g. div
property: what property of that element is being styled e.g. color
value: how the property is styled e.g. white

div {
      background: blue;
      color: white;
      width: 500px;
      height: 250px;
      font-size:30pt;
}

Here we are styling all the div elements in the html page.

CSS Properties

CSS Property documentation: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/Reference

Some properties:

color, background-color, width, height
border, box-shadow, list-style
margin, padding
transform, gradient, border-radius

Inspecting a page

The browser offers the possibility of inspecting a page with the option Inspect Element or just Inspect.

This possibility allows for prototyping (changing and seeing immediately the result) a page's CSS and HTML.

Keep in mind that this changes WILL NOT be saved. To do so you need to copy them to the editor and save them.

CSS selectors

Documentation: https://developer.mozilla.org/en/docs/Web/Guide/CSS/Getting_started/Selectors

CSS selectors allow the selection of html elements to be styled.

Their scope can be very broad, such as all the elements (*), or all the elements that that share a given tag.
To more fine grained selectors, like descendents and id.

To pseudo class selectors, that are triggered by a certain action.

Select a specific element

p { 
    font-weight: bold; 
}

Select all (using star)

* { 
    font-weight: bold; 
}

Star targets all the elements in a page.

id

id targets the (only 1) element with the given id
it help distinguish elements with the same tag.
the same id cannot be repeated in the same file. Use only once.

h1#title { 
    color: pink;
}

class

classes target several elements that share the same class
classes can be used INFINITE TIMES in a file
it help uniforming different types of elements, or multiple elements that need to be styled in the same way

div.article { 
    margin-top: 10mm;
}

descendents

Descendents are elements that are descendents another element, like the anchors within a list item, and not other anchors

li a{
    color: green;
}

direct descendents

Direct descendents are elements that direct children of another element.

li > a{
    color: blue;
}

pseudo classes

For example:

All links that have been visited
when hovering a link

a:visited {
    transform: rotate(0.5turn);
}
a:hover{
    background: red;
}

More on pseudo classes: https://developer.mozilla.org/en/docs/Web/CSS/Pseudo-classes

Positioning

Documentation: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout/Positioning

position:static;

the default position
dont offset possibilities
are positioned according to their default behavior

position: relative;

very similar to that of the static value
Main difference: relative value accepts box offset properties top, right, bottom left.
Box offset properties allow precise positioning

position: absolute;

elements accept box offset properties (left,right, top, bottom)
elements are removed from the normal flow of the document
and positioned in relation to the body element
off-set property are set in relation to the body and not containing element. E.g. top: 10px; will place the element 10px offset from the top of the browser window.

Nice art work using absolute position and Google books image: http://www.julienlevesque.net/books-scapes/

position: fixed;

similar to absolute: off-set set in relation to the body
but the positioning is relative to the browser viewport
not scrolling with the page.
always present, as if fixed to the screen

Display

Documentation: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/display

Every element on a web page is a rectangular box.

The CSS display property determines how that rectangular is displayed next to its sibling elements.

inline

elements are displayed in a line.

block

Each element is standalone, occupying the entire width of its parent box and line breaks before and after it.

inline-block

display the element in a line, like inline, but allows more formatting possibilities: width, height, margin to the right and left of the box.

none

Turns off the display of the element

The default value is inline.

CSS for typography

Common typographic properties

font-size: body in pt, rest of elements in em
font-height: regular or bold
font-style
font-family
color
text-align
line-height
letter-spacing: increases or decreases the space between characters( negative values are allowed)
text-shadow

Using fonts

system fonts	custom fonts
ready to use	need to load or upload
limited set	broad range
change slightly in each user's computer	remain the same to all users
too familiar	fresh

system fonts

Documentation: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/font-family

System fonts are generic fonts.

sans-serif
serif
monospace

system fonts example

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
  <head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8" />
    <style>
body {
   font-size: 10pt;
}

p {font-family: cursive;
   font-size: 3em;
}

p.other {font-family: sansserif}

span.yetanother {font-family: monospace}
    </style>
  </head>
  <body>
    <p>Cursive generict font</p>
    <p class="other">Testig another generic font. 
      <span class="yetanother">And yet another one</span>
    </p>
  </body>
</html>

custom fonts

The @font-face CSS at-rule allows authors to specify online fonts to display text on their web pages.

https://developer.mozilla.org/en/docs/Web/CSS/@font-face

Web fonts formats

Different font formats exist:

Web Open Font Format (.woff)
TrueType/OpenType (.ttf/.otf)
Scalable Vector Graphics Fonts (.svg)

Currently, most browsers support these font formats, with the exception of .svg, that is only supported by Firefox. See Wikipidia article on Web fonts.

use a custom font

To use a custom font, the font file has to be stored somewhere, either locally (same folder as your site).

Try changing the following example with other custom font:

<html>
<head>
  <style type="text/css">

    @font-face {
      font-family: "Pacifico";
      src: url("fonts/Pacifico.ttf");
    }
    
    h1 { font-family: "Pacifico", serif;
    font-weight: normal;
    }
  </style>
</head>
<body>
  <h1>This is a custom font.</h1>
</body>
</html>

fonts and licenses

We can use this fonts and even make a commercial (for which we receive money) website, using that font, without paying for the font.

It is not because the font is free (of charge), but because they are open.

They are released under a SIL Open Font License (OPF).

SIL license

http://scripts.sil.org/cms/scripts/page.php?site_id=nrsi&id=OFL_web

License:

allows fonts to be used, studied, modified and redistributed freely.
fonts, including any derivative works, can be bundled, embedded,

redistributed and/or sold with any software.

fonts and derivatives, however, cannot be released under any other type of license.
requirement for fonts to remain under this license does not apply

to any document created using the fonts or their derivatives.

Apache license

http://www.fontsquirrel.com/fonts/sinkin-sans

open fonts libraries

remote custom fonts

It is possible to use custom fonts, that are not stored locally, and instead "live" in a service like Google Fonts or Open Font Library.

This method is:

convenient
easier

but, on the down-side:

it takes more time to load the page
the font can be removed at any point by the service

remote custom font example

Using the font https://fontlibrary.org/en/font/barrio and following the "Use this font" instructions:

<html>
<head>
<link rel="stylesheet" media="screen" href="https://fontlibrary.org/face/barrio" type="text/css"/> 

  <style type="text/css">
    
    h1 {   font-family: 'BarrioRegular';
           font-weight: normal;
           font-style: normal; 
           font-size: 3em;
    }

  </style>

</head>
<body>
  <h1>This is a remote custom font.</h1>
</body>
</html>

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 =Styling with CSS=
+Documentation + tutorials:
+* https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS
+* https://www.w3schools.com/Css/
+Works and projects making heavy use of CSS:
+* Dina Kelberman, Untitled Game https://dinakelberman.com/untitledgame/
+* Olia Lialina [http://www.teleportacia.org/war/ My boyfriend came back from the war]
 ==CSS - Cascading Style Sheets ==
-HTML is not meant to style (inline syling eg: <pre><h1 style="color:red;background:black></pre> is old fashion and discouraged).
+HTML is not meant to style (inline styling eg: <code><nowiki><h1 style="color:red;background:black;"></nowiki></code> is discouraged, however still sometimes useful to use).
 '''CSS is the preferred to way to style.'''
@@ Line 10: / Line 20: @@
 ==CSS inside an HTML page==
+You can do this in two ways:
 * CSS code goes '''inside the style tag''' <code><style> ... </style></code>
@@ Line 33: / Line 45: @@
 </syntaxhighlight>
-== anatomy of a css rule ==
+== CSS in a separate stylesheet ==
+The CSS for a HTML page (or several pages) can stored outside the page, in a '''CSS file'''.
+To do that we need link the HTML file to the CSS file, using the <code><nowiki><link></nowiki></code> inside the <code><nowiki><head></nowiki></code>.
+ <link href="style.css" rel="stylesheet" />
+<syntaxhighlight lang="html">
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html>
+  <head>
+    <link href="stylesheet.css" rel="stylesheet" />
+  </head>
+  <body>
+  ....
+</syntaxhighlight>
+== anatomy of a CSS rule ==
 Each CSS style sheet (all the styles of a page) is made of several rules.
@@ Line 41: / Line 71: @@
 <small>Source: http://dabrook.org/resources/posters/</small>
 ==Example of a CSS rule==
@@ Line 48: / Line 77: @@
 * '''value''': how the property is styled e.g. ''white''
-<source lang="css">
+<syntaxhighlight lang="css">
 div {
        background: blue;
@@ Line 55: / Line 84: @@
        height: 250px;
        font-size:30pt;
-	         }
+}
-</source>
+</syntaxhighlight>
 Here we are styling all the div elements in the html page.
+==CSS Properties==
-==CSS Properties==
+'''CSS Property documentation''': https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/Reference
-'''CSS Property reference''' https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/Reference
+Some properties:
-Some properties.
 * color, background-color, width, height
 * border, box-shadow, list-style
@@ Line 71: / Line 100: @@
 * [https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/transform transform], gradient, border-radius
-'''Use some of these properties, and others that you discover in your page.'''
+=Inspecting a page=
+The browser offers the possibility of inspecting a page with the option '''Inspect Element''' or just '''Inspect'''.
+This possibility allows for prototyping (changing and seeing immediately the result) a page's CSS and HTML.
+'''Keep in mind that this changes WILL NOT be saved. To do so you need to copy them to the editor and save them. '''
-=Inspecting a page=
+=CSS selectors=
-The browser (Chrome and Firefox) offer the possibility of inspecting a page with the option '''Inspect Element'''.
-This possibility allows for prototyping (changing and seeing immediately the result ) a page's CSS and HTML.
+Documentation: https://developer.mozilla.org/en/docs/Web/Guide/CSS/Getting_started/Selectors
-'''Keep in mind that this changes WILL NOT be saved.
+CSS selectors allow the selection of html elements to be styled.
-To do so you need to copy them to the editor and save them.
-'''
+Their scope can be very broad, such as all the elements (<code>*</code>), or all the elements that that share a given tag.<br/> To more fine grained selectors, like descendents and id.
+To pseudo class selectors, that are triggered by a certain action.
+==Select a specific element==
+<syntaxhighlight lang="css">
+p {
+    font-weight: bold;
+}
+</syntaxhighlight>
+==Select all (using star)==
+<syntaxhighlight lang="css">
+* {
+    font-weight: bold;
+}
+</syntaxhighlight>
-= a separate CSS file  =
+Star targets all the elements in a page.
-The CSS for a HTML page (or several pages) can stored outside that page, in '''css file.
-To do that we need link the HTML file to the CSS file, using the tag link inside the html head.
+==id==
-  <link href="style.css" rel="stylesheet" />
+  #
-<source lang="html4strict">
+* id targets the (only 1) element with the given id
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+* it help ''distinguish'' elements with the same tag.
-<html>
+* the same id cannot be repeated in the same file. Use only once.
- <head>
-  <link href="style.css" rel="stylesheet" />
-  </head>
-  <body>
-  ....
-</source>
-----
+<syntaxhighlight lang="css">
+h1#title {
+    color: pink;
+}
+</syntaxhighlight>
-=selectors=
+==class==
-CSS selectors allow the selection of html elements to be styled.<br/>
-Their scope can be very broad, such as all the elements (*), or all the elements that that share a given tag.<br/>
-To more fine grained selectors, like descendents and id.<br/>
-To pseudo class selectors, that are triggered by a certain action.<br/>
+ .
-==element==
+* classes target several elements that share the same class
-<code>p {font-weight:bold}</p>
+* classes can be used INFINITE TIMES in a file
-==All(star)==
+* it help ''uniforming'' different types of elements, or multiple elements that need to be styled in the same way
-<code>*</code>. Star targets all the elements in a page <code>p {font-weight:bold}</code>
-==id==
-* <code>#</code>. Id targets the (only 1) element with the given id <code>p#foo {font-weight:bold}</code>.
-* It help ''distinguish'' elements with the same tag.
-* the same id cannot be repeated in the same file. Use only once.
-==class==
+<syntaxhighlight lang="css">
-* <code>.</code>. Class targets several elements that share the same class <code>.bar {color: blue} </code>
+div.article {
-* class can be used INFINITE TIMES in a file
+    margin-top: 10mm;
-* It help ''uniforming'' elements with different tags.
+}
+</syntaxhighlight>
 ==descendents==
-elements that are descendents another element, like the anchors within a list item, and not other anchors  <code>li a{color:gree;}</code>.
+Descendents are elements that are descendents another element, like the anchors within a list item, and not other anchors
+<syntaxhighlight lang="css">
+li a{
+    color: green;
+}
+</syntaxhighlight>
 ==direct descendents==
-elements that '''direct children''' of another element
-<code>li > a{color:gree;}</code>.
+Direct descendents are elements that '''direct children''' of another element.
+<syntaxhighlight lang="css">
+li > a{
+    color: blue;
+}
+</syntaxhighlight>
 ==pseudo classes==
-E.g.
-* All links that have been visited <code>a:visited {transform: rotate(0.5turn)}</code>;
-* when hoverving a link  <code>a:hover{background: red;}</code>
-More on Pseudo Classes: https://developer.mozilla.org/en/docs/Web/CSS/Pseudo-classes
+For example:
-More on CSS selectors in
+* All links that have been visited
-* https://developer.mozilla.org/en/docs/Web/Guide/CSS/Getting_started/Selectors
+* when hovering a link
-* https://code.tutsplus.com/tutorials/the-30-css-selectors-you-must-memorize--net-16048
+<syntaxhighlight lang="css">
+a:visited {
+    transform: rotate(0.5turn);
+}
+a:hover{
+    background: red;
+}
+</syntaxhighlight>
+More on pseudo classes: https://developer.mozilla.org/en/docs/Web/CSS/Pseudo-classes
 = Positioning =
-Example: http://codepen.io/anon/pen/VKKWgY
-==position:static==
+Documentation: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout/Positioning
+==position:static;==
 * the default position
 * dont offset possibilities
 * are positioned according to their default behavior
 ==position: relative;==
 * very similar to that of the static value
 * Main difference: relative value accepts box offset properties top, right, bottom left.
 * Box offset properties allow precise positioning
+==position: absolute;==
-==position: absolute==
 * elements accept box offset properties (left,right, top, bottom)
 * elements are removed from the normal flow of the document
@@ Line 167: / Line 224: @@
 * off-set property are set in relation to the body and not containing element. E.g. <code>top: 10px;</code> will place the element 10px offset from the top of the browser window.
-'''Interesting art work using absolute position and Google books image:
+'''Nice art work using absolute position and Google books image: http://www.julienlevesque.net/books-scapes/'''
-http://www.julienlevesque.net/books-scapes/
-'''
+==position: fixed;==
-==position: fixed==
 * similar to absolute: off-set set in relation to the body
 * but the '''positioning is relative to the browser viewport'''
@@ Line 177: / Line 233: @@
 * always present, as if fixed to the screen
-Based on http://learn.shayhowe.com/advanced-html-css/detailed-css-positioning/
+=Display=
+Documentation: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/display
-=Display=
-Example: http://codepen.io/anon/pen/mAAwLJ
 Every element on a web page is a rectangular box.
@@ Line 188: / Line 242: @@
 ==<nowiki>inline</nowiki>==
-elements are displayed in a line. http://htmldog.com/figures/displayInline.png
+elements are displayed in a line.
+http://htmldog.com/figures/displayInline.png
 ==block==
-Each element is standalone, occupying the entire width of its parent box and line breaks before and after it. http://htmldog.com/figures/displayBlock.png
+Each element is standalone, occupying the entire width of its parent box and line breaks before and after it.
+http://htmldog.com/figures/displayBlock.png
 ==inline-block==
 display the element in a line, like inline, but allows more formatting possibilities: width, height, margin to the right and left of the box.
 ==none==
 Turns off the display of the element
 The default value is inline.
+=CSS for typography=
-More on display property on:
+==Common typographic properties==
-* http://htmldog.com/guides/css/intermediate/display/
-* https://css-tricks.com/almanac/properties/d/display/
-----
-=CSS for typography=
-==essential typography properties==
 * font-size:  ''body in pt, rest of elements in em''
 * font-height: regular or bold
@@ Line 222: / Line 276: @@
 * text-shadow
+==Using fonts==
-==Using fonts==
 {| class="wikitable" border="1"
 |-
@@ Line 243: / Line 297: @@
 ==system fonts==
+Documentation: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/font-family
 System fonts are generic fonts.
-* Sansserif
-* Serif
+* sans-serif
-* Monospace
+* serif
-* Cursive
+* monospace
 ===system fonts example===
-<source lang="html4strict">
+<syntaxhighlight lang="html4strict">
 <!DOCTYPE html>
 <html>
@@ Line 276: / Line 334: @@
    </body>
 </html>
-</source>
+</syntaxhighlight>
+==custom fonts==
+The <code>@font-face</code> CSS at-rule allows authors to specify online fonts to display text on their web pages.
-==custom fonts==
+https://developer.mozilla.org/en/docs/Web/CSS/@font-face
-''The @font-face CSS at-rule allows authors to specify online fonts to display text on their web pages.'' [https://developer.mozilla.org/en/docs/Web/CSS/@font-face Mozilla @font-face]
 ===Web fonts formats===
 Different font formats exist:
 * Web Open Font Format (.woff)
 * TrueType/OpenType (.ttf/.otf)
@@ Line 291: / Line 353: @@
 === use a custom font ===
 To use a custom font, the font file has to be stored somewhere, either '''locally''' (same folder as your site).
-You can download a sample of display fonts from: http://publicationstation.wdka.hro.nl/displayfonts.zip
+Try changing the following example with other custom font:
-Containing:Amatic-Bold.ttf, AmaticSC-Regular.ttf, GrandHotel-Regular.otf, Pacifico.ttf
-try changing the following example with other custom font
+<syntaxhighlight lang="html4strict">
-<source lang="html4strict">
 <html>
 <head>
@@ Line 316: / Line 377: @@
 </body>
 </html>
-</source>
+</syntaxhighlight>
 ==fonts and licenses==
 We can use this fonts and even make a commercial (for which we receive money) website, using that font, without paying for the font.
@@ Line 326: / Line 388: @@
 ===SIL license===
 http://scripts.sil.org/cms/scripts/page.php?site_id=nrsi&id=OFL_web
 License:
 * allows fonts to be '''used, studied, modified and redistributed freely'''.
 * fonts, including any derivative works, can be bundled, embedded,
@@ Line 337: / Line 401: @@
 === Apache license===
 http://www.fontsquirrel.com/fonts/sinkin-sans
 ===open fonts libraries===
 * https://fontlibrary.org
 * http://fontsquirrel.com/
+* https://www.design-research.be/by-womxn/
+* https://velvetyne.fr/maintenance.html
+* https://usemodify.com/
 ==remote custom fonts==
 It is possible to use custom fonts, that are not stored locally, and instead "live" in a service like Google Fonts or Open Font Library.
 This method is:
 * convenient
 * easier
 but, on the down-side:
 * it takes more time to load the page
 * the font can be removed at any point by the service
 ===remote custom font example===
 Using the font https://fontlibrary.org/en/font/barrio and following the "Use this font" instructions:
-<source lang="html4strict">
+<syntaxhighlight lang="html">
 <html>
 <head>
@@ Line 366: / Line 440: @@
             font-weight: normal;
             font-style: normal;
-    font-size: 3em;
+           font-size: 3em;
      }
    </style>
 </head>
 <body>
@@ Line 374: / Line 450: @@
 </body>
 </html>
-</source>
+</syntaxhighlight>
-= Online Resources on CSS =
+[[Category:PagedMedia]]
-* CSS Property reference https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/Reference
-* Lynda.com CSS-Selectors (Part 1) http://www.lynda.com/CSS-tutorials/CSS-Selectors/192036-2.html?org=hr.nl
-* Lynda.com CSS Gradients (Part2,3) http://www.lynda.com/CSS-tutorials/Exploring-linear-syntax/115467/122823-4.html
-* http://www.w3.org/Style/Examples/007/center.en.html
-* [https://hacks.mozilla.org/2009/06/beautiful-fonts-with-font-face/beautiful fonts with @font-face]
-* [https://developer.mozilla.org/en/docs/Web/CSS/@font-face Mozilla @fontface]
-= Art works, making heavy use of CSS =
-* Florian Cramer ''Local Impro Snodge '' http://cramer.pleintekst.nl/deplayer-impro-snodge/ - essencially gifs and CSS
-* Julien Levesque [http://p-dpa.net/work/books-scapes/ Books Scapes] - digital landscape consisting of 100 details taken from books hosted on Google Books http://www.julienlevesque.net/books-scapes/.
-* Olia Lialina [http://www.teleportacia.org/war/ My boyfriend came back from the war]