User:Stonestone/secondessayfort2stone

Dreamachine -- To Create Space-Out

Abstract

Research on how Dreamachine influence on people's minds, and as an important reference , how to apply the principle of the producing of mental illusion and Space-out experience caused by Dreamachine on my project Nosebleed.

Introduction

On October 27th in South Korea, the first ever Space-Out Competition was held, which would be one of the most peaceful competition in the world. Candidates must maintain a certain and stable heart rate while being in a status of space-out. Finally, a nine-year-old elementary school student Miss Yang won the big prize. This “competition” gives me an initial idea of doing a research/project about space-out experience. During the competition, hundreds of candidates sat in the same piece of grass, going to different "spaces". Space-out, as one of the most commonest experience for everyone has its special attraction for me, because people all experience it, however, I will never know exactly what is the experience for others.

Space-out is a feeling that people can never tell exactly what is by themselves which can be seen as the soul leaving the body. The views that people see in front of them when their minds escape from their bodies, are diverse and different from the others and difficult to tell clearly. However, the trigger points of space-out are quite similar, drugs, alcohol even some specific visuals, for example. Dreamachine, as one of the most critical patent of triggering space-out, also known as a piece of art work, is a good example to explore the phenomenon of space-out. In this essay, I will give my research on how dreamachine make efforts on people and why people get the feeling of space-out.

Flicker

History

“Flicker” is a long-standing term of art in experimental psychology, referring to visual effects induced by flickering lights. The first record of inducing hallucinations by flickering light emmerged can be traced back to 1564.Nostradamus conducted Flicker experiments, he was inspired by the legends of Lucrezia Borgia and the subtle magic of 'photic-entrainment' by flames she employed to access visionary divinations, and predict future events.

The first stroboscope was invented in 1832 by Belgian scientist Joseph Plateau. He used slotted disks turning at turning at high speeds to provide an image with an illusion of movement. Then the invention of the Electroencephalograph was made in 1924. German psychiatrist Hans Berger worked on human EEG, his main topic was to search for " the correlation between objective activity of the brain and subjective psychic phenomena and to understand the mysterious relation ship between mind and matter." Then he found Alpha wave."A rhythmic oscillation of potential at a afrequency of 10 cycles pre second .. detected in the human subject by electrodes applied to the head .. present when the subject lies quietly with eyes closed and disappearing when attention is fully occupied."

In 1945, Dr. W. Grey Walter applied flicker into his EEG research, in the end an electronic stroboscope was invented. After an experiment in a big range of people, Dr Walt got the feedbacks (strange feelings) from samples he chose, which were:" faintness or swimming in the head"; "unresponsive or unconscious for a few moments"; "the limbs jerked in rhythm with the flashes of light."

Most of the feedback pointed into epileptic symptoms.A feedback apparatus was built in order to figure out how the flicker trigger works on our brain.

As shown in the diagram on the right, eyes receive the lights from the strobes (lamp) as an subjective experienced signal which is transmitted to our brain, then, the signal (brainwave) goes through the recorder make efforts on the trigger.This loop can be seen as the basic prototype of how the visual flicker we look at works on our brain.

" We all noticed a peculiar effect . . . a vivid illusion of moving patterns whenever one closed one’s eyes and allowed the flicker to shine through the eyelids. The illusion . . . takes a variety of forms. Usually it is a sort of pulsating check or mosaic, often in bright colours. At certain frequencies—around 10 per second—some subjects see whirling spirals, whirlpools, explosions, Catherine wheels. "
Dr Walter noted after experimented with strobes on himself.

From Dr Walt to Brion Gysin

Dreamachine

In the post-World War II era, the Beat Generation rediscovered the drug-like strobe-machine by reading Dr Walt's book The Living Brain. It starts with an experience of Brion Gysin, a painter, writer, sound poet, and performance artist born in Taplow, Buckinghamshire. In his dairy he wrote:

" Had a transcendental storm of colour visions today in the bus going to Marseilles. We ran through a long avenue of trees and I closed my eyes against the setting sun. An overwhelming flood of intensely bright colors exploded behind my eyelids: a multidimensional kaleidoscope whirling out through space. I was swept out of time. I was out in a world of infinite number. The vision stopped abruptly as we left the trees. Was that a vision? What happened to me? "

After reading Dr Walt's book The Living Brain which was lent by William S. Burroughs, Gysin had found the answer. That is also the critical point of the relationship establishing between Flicker and Dreamachine; Walt and Gysin. Afterwards, Gysin built the Dreamachine in the early 1960's by putting a cylinder with holes onto a record player turn tablewith a 100 watt lightbulb in the middle. When the record player being set to spin at 78 round per minute, the strobes turns into the visual of sitting in a bus and passing shades of leaves under the sun, which makes the light flickers at a frequency of about 20Hz Alpha brainwaves which are associated with subconsciousness. With bringing the changes of brainwaves to people, dreamachine is displayed as an art piece in by Brion.

Space-out

Brainwaves

Brainwaves has been mentioned earlier, which plays an important role in space-out experience. The blinky lights made by dreamachine produce about 20 hz brainwaves in our brain, in a way, it is within or close to the range of alpha wave( in a range around 8 -13 Hz ), which will bring people the feeling of deep relaxation, vice versa. Besides alpha wave, there is also Beta wave, Theta wave and Gamma wave which show or make different efforts on our brain. .

From Brion to Stone

Background Story of Nosebleed:
This is a normal morning or a normal afternoon, however, it is a normally normal moment, you step out of your door, grabbing two bags of rubbish in your hands. From the door to the dustbin, there are 100 steps in total. After 57 steps, you feel your nose bleeding, suddenly. "What the fuck?!" You think to yourself. You have to raise your head in order to stop nosebleed. Oh, there is nothing on above at all, tops of tall trees, tops of some tall buildings and, of course, the sky. I have to say, it is a random view indeed. Unfortunately, you have to look at this view for a few minutes, and waiting for your nose to stop bleeding. Damn it! You feel you are wasting your life, although, you also spend more time on doing other useless stuff everyday. At first, you just look at the view in front of your eyes, and cannot wait to leave this situation. But lately, you just notice that there is something in the sky, such as some clouds, some birds, some plastic bags. Then you would not see them anymore. You stop thinking anything else at all. In the end, after your nose stops bleed, before you go on your way to the dustbin, you get a specific feeling of the very specific position.

Nosebleed is a video work which shows the views that people might see when they get nosebleed suddenly (skies and the top part of the building) when they are walking on the street. In order to bring the space-out feeling for the people who might see the work, the most efficient way is to create alpha wave as a key to bring people the similar experience of Flicker and Dreamachine in it with the strobe effects like Dreamachine.

For the first attempt, I downloaded an alpha wave meditation video on youtube, and put the sound into a program I made (http://pzwart1.wdka.hro.nl/~ying/404/thatwave.html) using Web Audio API. This program is able to calculate the data of the sound and then, visualize the data into different colours in order to bring the blinks by colour fast changing. It did results in something blinky, but the question is: if it is the real alpha wave frequency. As a matter of fact, people can only actually hear the sound between the range of 20Hz to 20000Hz frequency by ears, so there is no one can hear an alpha wave sound. When I thought I should give up the idea of creating alpha wave blink because the alpha wave audio is a fraud, I found the origin of the special sound in the youtube clip - "Binaural Beats".

Binaural beat is an auditory illusion perceived when two different pure-tone sine waves. Both of these two waves have frequencies which are lower than 1500 Hz, and the difference between them are less than a 40 Hz, are presented to a listener at the same time, one goes to left ear and the other one goes to right. For instance, if the left channel is 500Hz pure tone, the right channel is 510 Hz pure tone, as a result, the listener will get the auditory illusion of a third tone (a frequency of 10Hz which being the difference between the 500Hz and 510Hz), in addition to the pure tones played to ears. Binaural beat is the third sound.

It gives me a new perspective of grabbing alpha wave data -- creating video works based on thedreamachine's principle of producing alpha wave (flicker) and using the data of Binaural Beats which would produce alpha wave frequency.

For experiment, I upload a piece of sound [1] which produces Binaural beats third tone pitch frequency (from 7 Hz to 12.9 Hz which is right in the range of alpha wave).

Dreamachine, as the most important reference of my project "Nosebleed" gives me a chance to create the space-out experience in my work.

I built up one dreamachine and tried to figure out wh/howy it work s(or if it works or not).

http://vimeo.com/165968701

After really tried it, from my perspective, I saw a lot of different shapes, and did had the feeling of relaxation. All the templates I found online are cut in the same shapes. However, in my point of view, the shapes matter less than the flickery. Then, based on this observation on my own, I created the prototype of Nosebleed (website -> http://stonestone.nl/0510/NorthernSky.html). Users can upload the Binaural Beats and then watch the flickery sky.

Conclusion

To sum up, the illusion from dreamachine is created by the alpha wave, which is one of the brainwaves which could bring relaxation status to people. To create a space-out experience is (kind of) equal to finding a way to create alpha wave. The filkery light which I would like to apply on my own work can be come true by using third tune(Binaural Beats). Binaural beats could be a trigger of alpha wave which has a certain frequency the same as alpha wave. Until now, the prototype(Northern Sky) is the only idea of me to combine the sky and Dreamachine. However, it doesn't work very well. So I am still trying new technics and methods to make the trigger of alpha wave.

Bibliography

Stone's Wiki Page https://pzwiki.wdka.nl/mediadesign/User:Stonestone/_nosebleed
Nic Sheehan, Flicker, 1997, Documentary, 1:12:02
B.C. ter Meulen D. Tavy B.C. Jacobs, From Stroboscope to Dream Machine: A History of Flicker-Induced Hallucinations, Eur Neurol 2009 pp316–320
Thomas Budzynski, Ph. D., The Clinical Guide to Sound and Light, 2006
David Siever The Application of Audio-Visual Entrainment for the Treatment of Seniors 2004
Luciana Haill ICT & Art Connect : Revelations by Flicker, Dreamachines and Electroencephalographic Signals in Art
http://www.permuted.org.uk/Flickers.htm
http://www.slideshare.net/holcombea/uws-june2013for-slideshare
http://briongysin.com/