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=outline=
=outline - i could have written that=
 
==intro==
==intro==
===NLP===
With 'i-could-have-written-that' i would like to look at technologies that process natural language (NLP). By regarding NLP software as cultural objects, i'll focus on the inner workings of their technologies: what are the mechanisms that systemize our natural language in order for it to be understood by a computer?


NLP is a category of software packages that is concerned with the interaction between human language and machine language. NLP is mainly present in the field of computer science, artificial intelligence and computational linguistics. On a daily basis people deal with services that contain NLP techniques: translation engines, search engines, speech recognition, auto-correction, chatbots, OCR (optical character recognition), license plate detection, data-mining. For 'i-could-have-written-that', i would like to place NLP software central, not only as technology but also as a cultural object, to reveal in which way NLP software is constructed to understand human language, and what side-effects these techniques have.
===text analytics < > systemization of language===
This text originates from an interest in the systemization of language that is needed for computer software to be able to 'understand' and process written language.  


===knowledge discovery in data (data-mining)===
===vocabulary===
For the occassion of the graduating project of this year, i would like to focus on the practise of text-mining, which is a subgroup of the so called field of 'data mining'.
* buzzwords (machine learning, big data, data mining) (ref to Florian Cramer)
* metaphor (too much ???)
* one of the five KDD steps


==hypothesis==
===problematic situation===
The results of data-mining software are not mined, results are constructed. <br>
...


==project & thesis (merge)==
Text mining seems to be a rather brutal way to deal with the aim to process natural language into useful information. To reflect on this brutality, tracing back a longer tradition of natural language processing could be usefull. Hopefully this will be a way to create some distance to the hurricanes of data that are mainly known as 'big', 'raw' or 'mined' these days.
<small>voice: accessible for a wider public </small><br>
<small>needed: problem formulations that connect with day-to-day life </small>


As 'i-could-have-written-that' is driven by textual research, it would feel quite natural to merge the practical and written (reflective) elements of the graduation procedure into one project. Also, as the eventual format i have in mind at the moment is a publication series, that could bring the two together. Next to written reflections on the hypothesis of constructed results, i would like to work on hands-on prototypes with text-mining software.
===audience===
This thesis will aim for an audience that is interested in an alternative perspective on buzzwords like 'big data' and 'data-mining'. Also, this thesis will (hopefully!) offer a view from a computer-vision side: how software is written to understand the non-computer world of written text.


As a work method, i would like to isolate and analyse different data-mining elements to test the hypothesis on. The elements selected so far focus on: terminology (metaphors + history), software (data construction + ... ), and presentation of results.
==hypothesis==
The results of data-mining software are not mined, results are constructed. <br>


==data mining elements==
==chapter 1: on what basis? three settings to highlight differences in text analytical ideologies==
[[File:Text-mining-technical-process.png|right|thumbnail|text-mining software Pattern, workflow diagram]]
* setting 1: PhD candidate's thesis defence, Faculty of Economics, Erasmus University Rotterdam
* terminology ('mining', 'data')
* setting 2: Lyle Unger's TED Talk, World Well Being Project, Faculty of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania
** 'mining' &rarr; from 'mining' minerals to 'mining' data; [[User:Manetta/i-could-have-written-that/from-mining-minerals-to-mining-data | (wiki-page)]]
* setting 3: Guy de Pauw's introduction on text mining software, CLiPS, Faculty of Arts & Philosophy, Computational Linguistics & Psycholinguistics department, University of Antwerp
** 'data' &rarr; data as autonomous entity; from: information, to: data science
* text-processing
** workflow mining-software (eg. Pattern, Wecka); (software workflow diagram)
** from: able to check results with senses (OCR), to: intuition (data-mining)
** parsing, how text is treated: as n-grams, chunks, bag-of-words, characters
* presentation of results


===theory===
==chapter 2: deriving information from written text &rarr; the material form of language==
* solutionism & techno optimism
* statistical text analytics is not 'read-only', it's writing
* big-data, machine learning & data-mining criticism
** to extract? &rarr; to derive
*  
* written language as source material
** analogy to typography, dealing with the optical materiality of words/sentences/text
** text analytics dealing with the quantifiable and structural materiality of words/sentences/text
*** word-counts
*** word-order/structure
* what do these material analyses represent?
** key-value format (?)


==chapter 3: information extraction / text categorization. diving into the software!==
* unsupervised
* supervised


=research material=
[http://pzwart1.wdka.hro.nl/~manetta/i-could-have-written-that/ &rarr; filesystem interface, collecting research related material] [[User:Manetta/i-could-have-written-that/filesystem-interface-related-material | (+ about the workflow)]]<br>
[[User:Manetta/i-could-have-written-that | &rarr; wikipage for 'i-could-have-written-that' (list of prototypes & inquiries)]] <br>
[[User:Manetta/i-could-have-written-that/little-glossary | &rarr; little glossary]]<br>


===mining as ideology===
[[User:Manetta/i-could-have-written-that/from-mining-minerals-to-mining-data | * from mining minerals to mining data]]<br>


'''anthropomorphism'''
=material=


[[User:Manetta/i-could-have-written-that/anthropomorphic-qualities | * anthropomorphic qualities of a computer (?)]]<br>
==bibliography (five key texts)==
[[User:Manetta/i-could-have-written-that/the-data-apparatus | * the photographic apparatus &rarr; the data apparatus (annotations)]] <br>
* Joseph Weizenbaum - Computer Power and Human Reason: From Judgement to Calculation (1976);
[http://pzwart1.wdka.hro.nl/~manetta/i-could-have-written-that/elements/joseph-s_questions/joseph-s_questions.html * Joseph's (Weizenbaum) questions on Computer Power and Human Reason]<br>
* Winograd + Flores - Understanding Computers & Cognition (1987);
 
* Vilem Flusser - Towards a Philosophy of Photography (1983); [http://pzwart1.wdka.hro.nl/~manetta/annotations/html/txt/vilem-flusser_towards-a-philosophy-of-photography.html &rarr; annotations]
===text processing===
* Antoinette Rouvroy - All Watched Over By Algorithms - Transmediale (Jan. 2015); [http://pzwart1.wdka.hro.nl/~manetta/annotations/html/events%2btalks/transmediale_all-watched-over-by-algorithms_2015.html &rarr; annotations]
[http://pzwart1.wdka.hro.nl/~manetta/i-could-have-written-that/elements/semantic-math-averaging/semantic-math-averaging.html * semantic math: averaging polarity rates in Pattern (text mining software package)]<br>
* The Journal of Typographic Research - OCR-B: A Standardized Character for Optical Recognition this article (V1N2) (1967); [http://pzwart1.wdka.hro.nl/~manetta/i-could-have-written-that/elements/automatic-reading-machines/automatic-reading-machines.html &rarr; abstract]
[[User:Manetta/i-could-have-written-that/wordclouds | * notes on wordclouds]]<br>
[http://pzwart1.wdka.hro.nl/~manetta/i-could-have-written-that/elements/automatic-reading-machines/automatic-reading-machines.html * automatic reading machines; from encoding-decoding to constructed-truths]<br>
[http://pzwart1.wdka.hro.nl/~manetta/i-could-have-written-that/elements/wordnet-skeleton/wordnet-skeleton.html * index of WordNet 3.0 (2006)]<br>
 
===data as autonomous entity===
[http://pzwart1.wdka.hro.nl/~manetta/i-could-have-written-that/elements/knowlegde-driven-by-the-data/knowlegde-driven-by-the-data.html * knowledge driven by data - ''whenever i fire a linguist, the results improve'']<br>
 
===other===
[http://pzwart1.wdka.hro.nl/~manetta/i-could-have-written-that/elements/i-am-sorry-but-these-are-the-words-laughter/i-am-sorry-but-these-are-the-words-laughter.html * (laughter) - ''it's embarrassing but these are the words'']<br>
[[User:Manetta/i-could-have-written-that/syntactic-view | * call for a syntactic view; Florian Cramer & Benjamin Bratton (text)]] <br>
[[User:Manetta/i-could-have-written-that/sentiment-analysis-phd-presentation | * EUR PhD presentation 'Sentiment Analysis of Text Guided by Semantics and Structure' (13-11-2015) ]]<br>
[http://pzwart1.wdka.hro.nl/~manetta/i-could-have-written-that/elements/roget-s_thesaurus-of-english-words-and-phrases/roget-s_thesaurus-of-english-words-and-phrases.html * index of Roget's thesaurus (1805)]<br>
[http://pzwart1.wdka.hro.nl/~manetta/i-could-have-written-that/elements/classification_what-happened_roget---wordnet/classification_what-happened_roget---wordnet.html * comparing the classification of the word 'information' Thesaurus (1911) vs. WordNet 3.0 (2006)]<br>


{{#widget:YouTube|id=JFgsdzikVZU}}


=annotations=
==annotations==
* Alan Turing - Computing Machinery and Intelligence (1936)
* Alan Turing - Computing Machinery and Intelligence (1936)
* The Journal of Typographic Research - OCR-B: A Standardized Character for Optical Recognition this article (V1N2) (1967); [http://pzwart1.wdka.hro.nl/~manetta/i-could-have-written-that/elements/automatic-reading-machines/automatic-reading-machines.html &rarr; abstract]
* The Journal of Typographic Research - OCR-B: A Standardized Character for Optical Recognition this article (V1N2) (1967); [http://pzwart1.wdka.hro.nl/~manetta/i-could-have-written-that/elements/automatic-reading-machines/automatic-reading-machines.html &rarr; abstract]
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* Benjamin Bratton - [https://vimeo.com/145288035 On A.I. and Cities : Platform Design, Algorithmic Perception, and Urban Geopolitics] (Nov. 2015);
* Benjamin Bratton - [https://vimeo.com/145288035 On A.I. and Cities : Platform Design, Algorithmic Perception, and Urban Geopolitics] (Nov. 2015);


==currently working on==
[[User:Manetta/i-could-have-written-that/from-mining-minerals-to-mining-data | * terminology: data 'mining']]<br>
[[User:Manetta/i-could-have-written-that/data-mining-in-the-wild | * ''Knowledge Discovery in Data'' (KDD) in the wild, problem formulations]]<br>
[[User:Manetta/i-could-have-written-that/kdd-applications | * ''KDD'', applications]]<br>
[[User:Manetta/i-could-have-written-that/knowledge-discovery-workflow | * ''KDD'', workflow]]<br>
[[User:Manetta/i-could-have-written-that/text-processing/simplification | * text-processing: simplification]]<br>
[[User:Manetta/i-could-have-written-that/data-mining-parties | * list of data mining parties]]<br>
==other==
[[User:Manetta/thesis/thesis-outline-nlp | outline-thesis (2) &rarr; NLP]]
------------------------------
[[User:Manetta/thesis/thesis-in-progress | thesis in progress (overview)]]
[[User:Manetta/thesis/chapter-intro | intro &+]]
[[User:Manetta/thesis/chapter-1 | chapter 1]]


=bibliography (five key texts)=
[[User:Manetta/thesis/chapter-2 | chapter 2]]
* Vilem Flusser - Towards a Philosophy of Photography (1983); [http://pzwart1.wdka.hro.nl/~manetta/annotations/html/txt/vilem-flusser_towards-a-philosophy-of-photography.html &rarr; annotations]
 
* Language, Florian Cramer (2008); [http://pzwart1.wdka.hro.nl/~manetta/annotations/html/txt/florian-cramer_language.html &rarr; annotations]
[[User:Manetta/thesis/chapter-3 | chapter 3]]
* Antoinette Rouvroy - All Watched Over By Algorithms - Transmediale (Jan. 2015); [http://pzwart1.wdka.hro.nl/~manetta/annotations/html/events%2btalks/transmediale_all-watched-over-by-algorithms_2015.html &rarr; annotations]
* The Journal of Typographic Research - OCR-B: A Standardized Character for Optical Recognition this article (V1N2) (1967); [http://pzwart1.wdka.hro.nl/~manetta/i-could-have-written-that/elements/automatic-reading-machines/automatic-reading-machines.html &rarr; abstract]
*

Latest revision as of 15:09, 30 April 2016

outline - i could have written that

intro

text analytics < > systemization of language

This text originates from an interest in the systemization of language that is needed for computer software to be able to 'understand' and process written language.

vocabulary

  • buzzwords (machine learning, big data, data mining) (ref to Florian Cramer)
  • metaphor (too much ???)
  • one of the five KDD steps

problematic situation

...

Text mining seems to be a rather brutal way to deal with the aim to process natural language into useful information. To reflect on this brutality, tracing back a longer tradition of natural language processing could be usefull. Hopefully this will be a way to create some distance to the hurricanes of data that are mainly known as 'big', 'raw' or 'mined' these days.

audience

This thesis will aim for an audience that is interested in an alternative perspective on buzzwords like 'big data' and 'data-mining'. Also, this thesis will (hopefully!) offer a view from a computer-vision side: how software is written to understand the non-computer world of written text.

hypothesis

The results of data-mining software are not mined, results are constructed.

chapter 1: on what basis? three settings to highlight differences in text analytical ideologies

  • setting 1: PhD candidate's thesis defence, Faculty of Economics, Erasmus University Rotterdam
  • setting 2: Lyle Unger's TED Talk, World Well Being Project, Faculty of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania
  • setting 3: Guy de Pauw's introduction on text mining software, CLiPS, Faculty of Arts & Philosophy, Computational Linguistics & Psycholinguistics department, University of Antwerp

chapter 2: deriving information from written text → the material form of language

  • statistical text analytics is not 'read-only', it's writing
    • to extract? → to derive
  • written language as source material
    • analogy to typography, dealing with the optical materiality of words/sentences/text
    • text analytics dealing with the quantifiable and structural materiality of words/sentences/text
      • word-counts
      • word-order/structure
  • what do these material analyses represent?
    • key-value format (?)

chapter 3: information extraction / text categorization. diving into the software!

  • unsupervised
  • supervised


material

bibliography (five key texts)

  • Joseph Weizenbaum - Computer Power and Human Reason: From Judgement to Calculation (1976);
  • Winograd + Flores - Understanding Computers & Cognition (1987);
  • Vilem Flusser - Towards a Philosophy of Photography (1983); → annotations
  • Antoinette Rouvroy - All Watched Over By Algorithms - Transmediale (Jan. 2015); → annotations
  • The Journal of Typographic Research - OCR-B: A Standardized Character for Optical Recognition this article (V1N2) (1967); → abstract

annotations

  • Alan Turing - Computing Machinery and Intelligence (1936)
  • The Journal of Typographic Research - OCR-B: A Standardized Character for Optical Recognition this article (V1N2) (1967); → abstract
  • Ted Nelson - Computer Lib & Dream Machines (1974);
  • Joseph Weizenbaum - Computer Power and Human Reason (1976); → annotations
  • Water J. Ong - Orality and Literacy (1982);
  • Vilem Flusser - Towards a Philosophy of Photography (1983); → annotations
  • Christiane Fellbaum - WordNet, an Electronic Lexical Database (1998);
  • Charles Petzold - Code, the hidden languages and inner structures of computer hardware and software (2000); → annotations
  • John Hopcroft, Rajeev Motwani, Jeffrey Ullman - Introduction to Automata Theory, Languages, and Computation (2001);
  • James Gleick - The Information, a History, a Theory, a Flood (2008); → annotations
  • Matthew Fuller - Software Studies. A lexicon (2008);
  • Marissa Meyer - the physics of data, lecture (2009); → annotations
  • Matthew Fuller & Andrew Goffey - Evil Media (2012); → annotations
  • Antoinette Rouvroy - All Watched Over By Algorithms - Transmediale (Jan. 2015); → annotations
  • Benjamin Bratton - Outing A.I., Beyond the Turing test (Feb. 2015) → annotations
  • Ramon Amaro - Colossal Data and Black Futures, lecture (Okt. 2015); → annotations
  • Benjamin Bratton - On A.I. and Cities : Platform Design, Algorithmic Perception, and Urban Geopolitics (Nov. 2015);

currently working on

* terminology: data 'mining'
* Knowledge Discovery in Data (KDD) in the wild, problem formulations
* KDD, applications
* KDD, workflow
* text-processing: simplification
* list of data mining parties

other

outline-thesis (2) → NLP


thesis in progress (overview)

intro &+

chapter 1

chapter 2

chapter 3