User:Zuhui//Personal Reader/Experimental Translation

"The sign is dead"

• If language is reduced to just data, where does meaning actually come from?
• Is the difference between human translation and machine translation purely technical, or is there a deeper, more ‘philosophical’ aspect to it?

MT - SMT - NMT

In early stage of machine translation, rule-based MT did not work
Languages are too complex and diverse to be reduced to fixed rules.
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Algorithms based on habit: SMT
SMT analyzes large-scale human translation data to learn patterns and calculates the likelihood of certain phrases or words being translated a specific way. so more flexible and capable of reflecting linguistic complexities compared to rule-based systems.
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NMT and word vectors
NMT is a significant advancement over SMT. it uses these vectors to perform translations by aligning and transforming relationships across languages.

• NMT는 단순히 외국어를 "이상한 기호"로 보고 이를 해독하는 방식이 아니다: SMT는 과거 데이터에 기반한 단순 확률 계산을 사용했지만, NMT는 언어 내부의 복잡한 연산을 통해 두 언어 간의 관계를 설정하고 이를 상호작용으로 발전시키기 때문.

Tokens and Vector Embeddings

A token is the smallest unit into which text is broken down for processing in tasks like machine translation.

• Tokens can be words, prefixes/suffixes, or even specific characters.
• These tokens are then converted into numerical data that machines can process. 
• Tokenization


Vector embedding is a technique that represents each token as coordinates in a multidimensional space.

• The machine learns the relationships between words using these coordinates.
• Each word is represented as a vector, which captures how it relates to other words.


Word Window
analyzes how often a specific token appears near other tokens in a given range of text.
• Usually, a word window spans 3–15 words.


Multidimensional Vector
Vectors represent the relationships between words mathematically.
Each token  is expressed as a vector in a multidimensional space. These vectors represent:

• The likelihood of a specific word appearing alongside others.
• The similarities and differences between words.

Vectors aren’t just limited to two or three-dimensional representations. In tasks like machine translation, vectors typically span hundreds of dimensions.

• 이런 방식으로 벡터는 언어적 네트워크를 형성하며, 이를 통해 복잡한 의미와 맥락을 파악할 수 있게 된다: 벡터 공간은 각 단어가 단순히 특정 단어와의 관계뿐 아니라, 다른 단어들과 맺는 모든 관계를 함께 고려하기 때문.
• 벡터 임베딩은 기계 번역이 단어의 단순한 치환을 넘어, 단어의 맥락과 의미적 관계를 이해하게 만드는 핵심 기술이 됨.
• NMT는 단순한 번역 이상의 작업: 언어 간의 대화와 상호작용을 가능하게 하는 새로운 번역 방식을 열어준다.

Spacey emptiness, Gayatri Spivak

"spacey emptiness" as introduced by Gayatri Spivak refers to the gaps, voids, or untranslatable spaces between languages that cannot be bridged by simple word-for-word translations.


why does this gap exists?
languages are products of unique cultural, historical, and social contexts. These contexts shape how meaning is expressed, and they often don't have exact parallels in other languages.


why does this gap HAS to exist?
 Spivak says that trying to completely eliminate the gap between languages risks suppressing diversity. Instead, the "spacey emptiness" should be seen as an opportunity for richer, more creative interactions.

Allison Parrish

Allison Parrish uses colors to show the same principle, adding vectors for red and blue together to get purple.

This blows up any model for language that is thinking of the meaning of language as a relationship of referents to an external (or internal) reality, since meaning is produced by vector space: the plotting of tokens on a matrix according to where they fall in language use—and not in relation to what they represent.

But language still represents, and organic bodies are still feeling it in space-times other than vector space, and what do you do with that?