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| Title: '''Oostenwind'''
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| Artist: Karina Meeuwse
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| Published: 2010
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| === Annotation: ===
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| '''Chapter 1''':
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| *Chinese are in Holland already for decades because of the many restaurants.
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| *You a stronger association with the food than the actual people, the food is very famous. But the Chinese kitchen commonly here is not typical Chinese food, but is influenced by other cultures and their kitchen (Babi Pangang & Sate are for example dishes from Indonesië).
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| *By the end of the 70s there is a decline in Chinese restaurants, because of the competitions with restaurants of other countries.
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| *The Chinese are the oldest ethnic minority, yet the Chinese community is very closed and have own high values and ways of behavior.
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| *Chinese Food: ''Much for a low cost (veel voor weinig geld)''
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| *CBR: number of Chinese: 1918 - 2000 Chinese from Kanton. Working in shipping (rederij). Very closed community, living on the area of the port, no interaction with the outside world (Dutch people).
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| *Early Chinese mostly working and living in harbour of Rotterdam (Katendrecht) and Amsterdam (Prins Hendrikkade).
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| *The Chinese community was initial bigger in R'dam, but sinds the 30s Amsterdam is bigger. The Chinese in Holland are the oldest Chinese community on the mainland of Europe.
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| *Chinese people were of popular choice to work in the harbour because the accepted lower wage (than Dutch workers) and didn't complain. They were mostly hired for the more heavy jobs as 'stoker'.
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| *Semi-integration: hostels, little diners, laundromats all and only for own people.
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| Bantammerstraat (Amsterdam) also know as Tong Yan Kai - street of the Chinese - used the be the center of Chinatown with lots of restaurants. Now it is a quite street.
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| *Boardinghouse = sort of hostel
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| *Shipping master: person who decides who gets the work. Has a lot of power and influence.
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| *70s: New generation of Chinese people come. They are from Singapore and Hong Kong and this goes together with the introduction of a new drug Heroine (before it was opium).
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| *Relocation of Chinatown to Geldersekade, Zeedijk and Nieuwmarkt (Amsterdam).
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| *Rural land of HK, the inhabitants are emigrating to NL (loopt leeg).
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| *2nd generation immigrants come because of succes Chinese restaurants in 70s.
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| *Book: Wilde Zwanen by Jung Chang & Chinese immigrants in 45(?) by Amy Tan.
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| '''Chapter 2''':
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| *China is hard to access because of its natural borders.
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| *They are or consider themselves as a developed/high culture, no need to emigrate for centuries - outside is barbarism.
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| *Confucius: Hierarchy in family ties. Most important is the father, then oldest son. Difference between man and women is big. Women are less important. Women are easily influenced and onreliable. Worship of the elderly is important. They provide protection and are an example for own behavior.
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| *Also between men there were differences in importance:
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| #Geleerden (they protect and pass on cultural heritage from generation to generation)
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| #Famers (provide food and 'clothes' (kleden het land) for the country)
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| #Craftsmen (ambachtslieden) (process the products of the farmers, the are depending on the products (grondstoffen) of the famers so they are of less importance.
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| #Tradesmen (handelaren)
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| *Arranged weddings, family and providing lineage (voortzetting) is more important than love.
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| *To make sure the family lives (lienage) this is the purpose of the women, to provide a son. If a woman for any reason is not able to give birth to a son, a man is allowed to have a second wife (concubine).
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| *Son is more important than daughter.
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| *To divorce is a shame.
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| *Opium War: 1839-1842. China loss is big. They are forced to trade more with foreign countries, open the borders more and more harbours. Hong Kong becomes a part of Great Britain. Chinese workers are allowed to go abroad to work and fill the needs of the new industries. For example England needed a lot of employees for their overseas colonies.
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| *China is a closed country. They have/keep a reserved politics (terughoudende politiek) towards trading with foreign countries/contacts. They are afraid of foreign interference and influence on their domestic power.
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| *1911 birth of the republic of China.
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| *From the 7th century China was trading with foreign countries/contacts. Yet there were many restrictions. Chinese traders were sent of to trade but their foreign stay was always temporary. They always went back to China after a few years. The cities of Fushou and Kanton were the only cities that had contact with foreigners like Arabs, Turks and Persians.
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| *18th century: Chinoseric-trend. Products of China populair (in Holland?).
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| *From 18th century China weaker. Internal problems, natural desasters, explosive growth in births, diseases. The West becomes more powerful and is dividing the world (colonies).
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| *Foreign countries never really got foot in the land (voet aan land), but now they breach it because of opium. This drug becomes very popular. It is very addictive. A huge black market is born, China tries to stop it by closing the harbour of Kanton. Start of Opium War (1839-1842). Huge losses by China, England demands open borders. Treaty of Nanking: More harbours, Brits get Hong Kong and New Territories, low import tax, the possibility for Chinese to emigrate (to fill workplaces in the colonies of the Brits). The labour market now open, huge emigrant wave because of poverty and famine.
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| *Word for immigrants: Koelies - non-educated worker (derived from Javaanse taal).
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| *Work in fields, mining, railroad.
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| *Can be considered as the new slavery. Percentage of Chinese that die during the shippings is high. This leads to Chinese Passenger Act in 1855. 12% dies during trip, 4% shortly after they arrive.
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| *1847-1880: 100 000 Chin. koelies to US, 200 000 to Peru/caribs, 500 000 to South Africa and Hawaii.
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| *The Chinese who immigrate are mainly from the area of Kanton and Fujian. The stream of immigrants holds on till 30s.
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| *China and foreigners turbulant relationship (bokser revolutie).
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| *Lineage - people with same last name. They also take care of each other, works like a sort of life insurance. They are all offspring of the same ancestor. This bloodline is very handy abroad. You can always count on the help from people of your lineage how far they are actually aways from you.
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| *NG-family: waterchinese, big in shipping (scheepsrederijen). Important family in shipping.
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| *1911: first Chinese to/in Holland.
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| '''Chapter 3''':
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| *17 june 1911 entry of 26 Chinese men in Rotterdam with the ship called Batavier III. To go on shore at Katendrecht.
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| *To come to fill in the workspaces left by Dutch workers as part of a revolt. The Chinese become 'stokers' for a company called Lloyd. They are sneaked into our country. Normally the gaps made by Dutch workers are filled in by Germans, now the Chinese come.
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| *Chinese people are separated from Dutch people. They shipping companies that keep them are afraid they are not welcome in the eyes of the Dutch and the workers who lost their jobs or are on strike.
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| *In Rotterdam they are kept in Katendrecht. This 'island' is already a mix of cultures. They Chinese have their own eateries, boarding houses and laundromats.
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| *Chinese are considered as good workers for the job 'Stoker' and 'Kolentremmer'. The work precise and hard. Economically they were also in favor of local workers. They were cheaper. Also politically they were usefull, to help and work for companies that sail to the Dutch-indies. So in times of shortage the Chinese were very welcome to work.
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| *Summer 1911: escalation of the strike. Before only 'stokers' and 'Kolentremmers' were on strike. Now also the people who work on land in the harbours join the strike out of solidarity. So the Chinese workers (onderkruipers) are standing against the Dutch workers now.
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| *Shipping master divides the jobs. Has a lot of power.
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| *The Dutch workers on strike see that there action is not having any influence and stop striking. Normally they get their jobs back, the 'onderkruipers' are sent back home, but now the companies keep useing the Chinese as workers. It seems that they are really replacing the Dutch.
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| Chinese worker vs Dutch worker
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| #Dutch worker: hate against the Chinese, the steal our jobs, 'onderkruipers', 'koelie'.
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| #Chin. worker: more suitable for the hard jobs (stoker etc), are cheaper, work harder, don't complain, come her just for economic reasons, to earn money and go back to China when they ahve enough. They don't feel affiliated with the Dutch workers, there is no bondage between them. Chinese workers live in isolation on the area of the harbours.
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| *They presence of the Chinese is hardly noticed by the Dutch until 1916. A journalist of Algemeen Handelsblad discovers in the Bantammerstraat, Amsterdam boarding houses, little shops to eat and gamble. First report in articles/newspaper.
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| *1912: Chinese have their introduction in the Bantammerstraat, Amsterdam. Boarding houses serve as places for Chinese to sleep when they are not on the sea. The first boarding house is established by Ng Young. In the Bantammerstraat Chinese and Dutch live peacefully next to each other. The Chinese are shy, inconspicuous (onopvallend), live withdrawn. They are ordened and there social ties are hierarchic, like that of a ship (rangorde).
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| *The journalist visits boarding house Lon Fat to eat (tea, shark vin soup, sweats). He thinks that the mixing or adding of these dishes to the Dutch will be enriching. He believes that the food can become popular. Article in Algemeen Handelsblad.
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| *Ties and hierarchy of shipping companies:
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| #Shipping companies like Lloyd, VoC: They only hire complete crews. Is in close contact with shipping master.
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| #Shipping master: decides who works on the ships and the salary. The salary of the first month must be given to the shipping master as a payment for food and hospitality. They choose the 'stokers' and 'kolentremmers'.
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| #Next in line is number one. This can be seen as the second boss. The number one gets his spot by paying the shipping master 2000-3000 gulden at that time. Normal seaman then try to get in favor of the number one to get better positions and more work (wit voetje halen). Seamen don't have (many) safety nets.
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| *Tasks of 'stoker':
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| # To keep the fire burning 2x 4 hours per day
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| #about 4 tons per 4 hour
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| #Change of fire
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| #Cleaning (ashes)
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| *Tasks of 'kolentremmer':
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| #work in charcoal is stored in the ship
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| #to bring charcoal to the fireplace with wheelbarrow
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| *The jobs are very havy and after 35 years a person is not useful anymore.
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| *Political debate 20s: Dutch minister Arbeid, Nijverheid en Handel makes racial comment: 'Alle Chinezen behoren tot het machinekamerpersoneel en bezitten een zeer grote, fysieke gesteldheid voor de arbeid van stoker en tremmer, waarbij zij blottgesteld worden aan temperaturen waartegen veel Europese stokers en tremmers niet bestand zijn.
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| *Chinese people were supposedly reistent against fire.Research in Germany had proven this according to the minister. The real reason was that the Chinese were more than 25% cheaper than European workers.
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| *Shipping master has power, try to be friends with him to get more work.
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| *Family Ng are from Nam Tou.
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| *During the first world war there was a need for workers(?) in England. After WO1 there was a surplus. The solution was to sail with Chinese but not allowing them to re-enter England. So they went to Rotterdam (Katendrecht) to get on land. They landed in Rotterdam because it has a bigger harbour. Katendrecht became the Chinatown of the 20s.
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| '''Chapter 4''':
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| *Chinks (spleetogen) comes from the time of WO1.
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| *This chapter is devoted to a Chinese army that fought with the allies. They had a lower position than English soldiers and didn't had many privileges. The English army made use of many minority groups however the Chinese were in favor because they were very disciplined and showed respect for their superiors.
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| *They had in the army camp their own kitchen and food.
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| *English officer: 'My mind loves Europe, but my stomach loves China.'
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| '''Chapter 5''':
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| *Short intro to triades, were there origin lies and what there function is.
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| *Triads in Amsterdam: Bo-On (Ng-family and is biggest) & Sam Tin.
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| *Functions as a sort of labor union (help, brotherhood).
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| *Binnen Bantammerstraat 11 Restaurant Kong Hing established in 1927. Kong Hing means distributor of luck. 1ste Chinese restaurant in Amsterdam founded by Ng Tse Ching.
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| *1922 slowly the Chinese come from the area of the harbour and migrate into Amsterdam: Binnen & Buiten Bantammerstraat, Prins Hendrikkade, Warmoestraat.
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| *The Chinese in Rotterdam are mainly Cantonese, In Amsterdam it is more a mix (Hakka, Han, Cantonese).
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| *Bigamy/{Polygamy normal in Chinese.
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| *1st Chinese restaurant in Rotterdam is Cheung Kwok Low, founded by Cheung in 1920.
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| *Dim sum, steamed buns, stir fried vegetables and meat dishes.
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| *Boarding houses = to provide shelter for crew
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| *Shipping master earns about 2500-3500 gulden(?).
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| *Boarding house master, sometimes same person as shipping master.
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| *Shipping master and boarding house master work closely together.
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| *Shipping master chooses Number one. Number one pays 2000-3000 as a fee to become Number one.
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| *Shipping master chooses rest of crew (stoker, tremmer). They pay also money as a fee to shipping master, around 90 gulden (montly salary). To be in favor when crew is selected.
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| *Companies pay 5-10 gulden per crew member to the shipping master.
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| *Crew usually exist out of Chinese members that are from the same area for example all crew is from Bo-On(?)
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| *The stay in a boarding house costs around 40 euro(?) per crew member per month(?) incl. 6 euro(?) for food(?)--> check this. So the shorter the stay the better.
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| *The stay in a boarding house is obligatory. When you rent something on your own, you won't be selected for work anymore.
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| *Resistance towards this or bad behaviour in general will be punished.
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| *Chinese cause little problems inside the boarding houses because they saw there stay as temporary, because they taught that they will depart to China soon with a lot of money.
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| *Tong wars: Bo On vs. Drie Vingers 1922.
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| *Battle about work, Bo On had a monopoly.
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| *From 1920s on less work, Drie Vingers is always behind, so war about power. In Amsterdam there are also less companies (havenbedrijven). You only have Maatschappij Nederland. In Rotterdam more companies (for example Lloyd). Also in Amsterdam less foreign companies that offer work to people.
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| *Someone not affiliated with Bo On-clan had to pay the shipping master more.
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| *City of Amsterdam wants to end the Tong-war. 7 august 1922 first razzia on ethnic minority. Approximately 600 Chinese are taken in custody, mostly members of Drie Vingers. Looks like arranged. 207 people eventually sent out of Holland all Drie Vingers. They are shipped back with SS Ambon. 170 are taken by shipping master Ng Young. 200 are hired by De Maatschappij Nederland.
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| *Economic crisis 30s: affects also Chinese. Kong Hing from boarding house to restaurant. Makes more money than from seamen and restaurant is open to wider public (tables, menus, wardrobe, alcohol permit).
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| *Ng Tse Ching opens more restaurants. 1934 he opens restaurant China (kleine gartmanplantsoen), 1936 Taiton (means The Big East) in Vijzelstraat. Deterioration of Kong Hing starts in 1956, blow in 1980, now doesn't exist anymore.
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| '''Chapter 6''': Het Lied van de pindaman
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| *'Pindachinees' originated from 30s.
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| *'Pindakoekjes' 5 cent.
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| *Initially Chinese men were to shy to sell their biscuits.
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| *Pindalied
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| *Dutch government doesn't help the Chinese to get out of poverty.
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| *Besides the razzia the number of Chinese is still increasing. Also smaller companies see the advantage of Chinese employees. This is all good when there is enough work for everybody.
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| *The amount of work is not sufficient for everybody anymore because of the change of charcoal as a base for energy to oil. This is quicker and cheaper and less 'stokers' are needed. Shell also gets now the 'stokers' from Singapore because they are even cheaper than Chinese. So the Chinese have to stay in boardings houses even longer.
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| *Major blow in 1929 when the number of workspace drops dramatically for the Indies, places that are usually filled by the Chinese. Major unemployment. No social security or benefits for Chinese. They are useful when there is a lot of work, useless when there are now jobs. Boarding houses can give loans to Chinese in need but this depends on the size of the boarding house. Boarding houses are super full (ophokken van Chinezen).
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| *Only Chinese who are married with a Dutch woman can apply for benefits.
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| *Famine and diseases are about to occur.
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| *To avoid, idea by Ng Kwai. Invention of Teng Teng (peanut cookie) in Rotterdam around 1931.
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| *The Chinese have to get out of their isolation, more and more Chinese are selling 'pindakoekjes'.
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| *There are 200 Chinese men in 1933 selling 'pindakoekjes'. Rest of NL follows.
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| *Chinese in Holland: Zheijianges & Cantonese.
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| *Zheijanges are from the North, are small group in 30s, accounts for 20% of the Chinese in NL. They mostly are traders and vendors. Every group has its own terrain. The are based around the Burgerwallen(?). Cantonese more around Geldersekade(?).
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| *From seamen to vendors. To pay off debts to boarding houses. Also because selling of 'pindakoekjes' more independence and more and more Chinese go rent a house/apartment for themselves. The shipping masters are afraid to lose their grip on the Chinese.
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| *Stagnation starts end 1932/beginning 1933 (met pindakoekjes?). The consequences of the crisis are getting worsen, people don't have a lot of money, it is not new anymore (nieuwigheid eraf).
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| *Government wants to prevent the selling of 'pindakoekjes'. The people feel sympathy for the Chinese.
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| *'pindakoekjes' is a temporary trend.
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| *Help comes from dominee Dols. He initiates 'Genootschap Zending onder Oosterlingen en Chinezen in eigen land ter hulp Chinezen. Money and material help in Rotterdam. Chinese become more visible. Chinese people are shy, they are insulted in their pride. In Amsterdam you have sister van Zeijl for Army of salvation that tries to help. The help comes with trying to convert Chinese to Christianity.
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| *Study van Heek -1936: Chinese immigrants in NL.
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| *1936: shipping industry is in the lift, more work.
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| *Debate about deportation of Chinese by Einthoven who is head of police in Rotterdam. 2000 Chinese are sent back to China, mostly the weak and old ones in 1939.
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| *Rescue comes from food industry for the Chinese who stayed in NL. The rising popularity of Chinese restaurants. In 1939 there were a total of 30 restaurants in Amsterdam, Rotterdam and The Hague.
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| *Yet deportations continue till 1949, it stops when Indonesia declares independent and when China becomes a republic. Katendrecht is actually free from Chinese. There are only 200 left at the beginning of WO2. Chinatown doesn't exist anymore there. Largest concentration is now in Amsterdam.
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| *What is left of the Chinese in Amsterdam and Rotterdam are restaurant holders, poor seamen, traders and shipping masters who could save themselves and who couldn't go back to China. A few 'pindakoekjes' venders exist until WO2. Some change their business to textile. Shipping masters slowly extinct, not because involvement government but because of the economic crisis.
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| *'Pinda-lied' by Willy Derby.
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| '''Chapter 7''': Rijst op zolder
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| *Mixed marriages are less common then before. The 1ste generation had no choice, there were no Chinese women in Holland. Chinese preferably marry with people from their own race. How is the communication in mixed marriages? How is the interchange between 2 cultures?
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| *Rich shipping masters were always able to marry a Chinese woman. The just 'order' one from China.
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| *Study van Heek on Chinese-Dutch marriages.
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| *Chinese were influential (aantrekkingskracht) on young girls from poor harbour areas in both cities. The Chinese had manners, where well dressed could be an escape out of poverty for these girls. They were also used to different cultures because of the area they lived in.
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| *Chinese have tied relationships, they take care of each other, also for the people they marry, even if they are Dutch.
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| *The Dutch women that marry Chinese men come form lower social class of society, 30% doesn't have a job, 60% are in low jobs like 'dienstbode', 'fabrieksarbeider' or 'ateliermeisje'. The father of these girls is usally the 'kostwinner' as a factory worker.
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| *Age gap between Chinese man (35-50) and Dutch woman (20-24 years).
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| *Meeting between Chinese man and Dutch woman is geographically influenced. The gilrs already lived in the neighbourhood of the Chinese men. Meetings occur on the street, in stores or laundromats or through other jobs. Meetings also occur because of female friends who are already married with a Chinese (33%).
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| *The Dutch girls that marry a Chinese man have something in common: they share the same environment (milieu), surroundings, sometimes family and friends. Or they grow to each other after marrying a Chinese.
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| *WO2 starts: no new Chinese comes in or goes out. This actually ignites flourishing of Chinese community. The Chinese who are obligatory to stayslowly come out of their isolation and anonymity. They get a name and face. A lot of things changed during WO2. They were no longer victim of sanctions overlayed(?) by Dutch government. The germans had no instructions to bother the Chinese in Holland (something they did in Germany?). For the first time since 1911 they were left alone, not bothered, the negative connotation was not reflected on them (de aandacht was van hen afgeleid). It gave them awareness, confidence and new energy (zelfredzaamheid). They became more active and took other jobs than seamen (tectile, clothing, trade, shoemaker). The filled the gap left by the jews. WO2 helped in their emancipation/freedom. The Chinese restaurants kept open during the war, until 'hongerwinter'(?). According to some Chinese WO2 was a stepping stone in making Chinese food popular. During WO2, invention of fake shark vin soup (chicken soup with flour (gebonden) and egg white (gestold eiwit) and the invention of srping roll (meat with bean sprouts) as an alternative for 'kroket'. There were no razzia on Chinese because they looked for the Germans the same as Japanese. They didn't want to burn their fingers.
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| *They find a way to survive the war. The are solidair to each other and have enough food (stock). The are a close community (hecht), respect each other and their community will flourish after the war. After 30 years now the Chinese community is strong and aware (zelfbewust).
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| '''Chapter 8''': De foto van Taiton
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