User:Quinten swagerman/Research/Nekes

A selection of optical toys as shown in Werner Nekes' 1985 documentary 'Was geschah wirklich schwischen der Bildern', in order of appearance

Mirrors

00:07:49

Anamorphosis - cone and cilinder mirrors - have been painted since the 17th century

Shadow play

00:09:39

The oldest form of the artistic use of light is the shadowplay...

00:10:23

These scissorcuts derived from the Chinese shadowplay

00:11:25

Hand shadows are still a popular game

00:11:38

In 1678, van Hoogstraten ran his own shadow theatre

00:12:22

Miniature mechanical shadow theatre scenes were also very popular

Ombro cinema

00:13:39

The ombro cinema, a shadow theatre of 1915, animates the shadows by conceiling and reveiling the different phases of movement behind black bars

Mechanical projection discs

00:19:59

This scientific disc simulates the complicated movements of the planetary movements in the solar system

Peepshows

00:29:05

The peepshow was being developed from perspective boxes and miracle cabinets. In the 17th century, showman began to travel in Europe, presenting their spectacles.

Scrolling panorama

00:35:43

Panorama of a trip from Hamburg to Luttener. The double-length panorama by Zoër (?) was seven centimeters high and high meters long

Theatre of perspective

00:38:17

Around 1700, Martin Engelbrecht from Alsburg constructs his theatre of perspective. He explores the sense of depth within the spacial dimensions of an image

Stereoscopy

00:43:41

In 1838, Winston invented the mirror stereoscope...

00:43:49

In 1849, Brewster the lens stereoscope

00:46:50 3D glasses for anaglyphs and for polarized images

The afterimage effect

00:48:15

A demonstration of the afterimage effect - the family has been looking at the red devil for a long while, then they look at the ceiling where they can see the devils afterimage in its complementary color: green.

The thaumatrope

00:51:45

The thaumatrope, or miracle disc, was invented in England by doctor John Ayrton Paris, in 1826

00:52:45

Two sets of half-letters, which, added together, say "Hab Mich Lieb"

Lens-prism animation

The designoscope

01:00:08

The designoscope - two mirrors meet at an angle of 60 degrees, as in the kaleidoscope, and produce an infinite variaty of patterns

The phenakistoscope

01:02:41

Inspired by Faradays wheel, Joseph Plateau in Brussels and Simon von Stampfer in Vienna, invent the phenakistoscope independently of one another in 1832. Stampfer called it the stroboscope. In England it was known as the phantascope. This disc demonstrates continuous movement for the first time.

A selection of discs:

The zoetrope

01:03:08

In 1833, Horner invented the Daedalum, later called the zoetrope, or wheel of life. Here, the phases of movement are also seen as an infinite loop through the slits

A selection of strips:

The praxinoscope

01:03:55

In 1877, Émile Reynaud built his praxinoscope, where you see the images in the mirrors. The function of the dark space in between the slits is taken over by the angle of the mirror at which it is set up.

Two years later he succeeded in showing the moving image within a scene, which is in fact a mirror reflection.

In 1880, he managed to project his moving images.

A selection of strips:

Myriorama

01:07:04

The myriorama, the show of the ten thousands. A panaroma in stripes which brings a new image in vertical montage.

Movement-producing grids

The flip book

00:13:34

The painter Lautenberg (?) is reputed to have created the first flip book, or thumb cinema, in 1760. Leaving through the book creates the illusion of movement.

The Kinora

00:14:07

In 1898, the brothers Lumiere built the Kinora, three years after their first film shows.