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=Karl Marx - fragment on machines = | =Karl Marx - fragment on machines = | ||
== Abstract == | == Abstract == | ||
In this fragment, Marx writes for the first time in its production of the role of the machinery in the capital. | |||
Subsuming all the positive forces of the worker and the means of labor, the machinery confines workers to a mere subsidiary position. Abstracting their role into facilitators (not enacting direct labor) of the process of production and stealing their unity as singular workers to becomes parts of a system imposed by the machinery itself. | |||
== Synopsis == | == Synopsis == | ||
When labor is transformed into an 'automatic system of machinery', moving power moving itself made of mechanical and intellectual organs, the workers become part of it as a conscious linkage. | When the labor is transformed into an 'automatic system of machinery', moving power moving itself made of mechanical and intellectual organs, the workers become part of it as a conscious linkage. | ||
The direct means of labor becomes posited and correspondent to capital itself, and the worker is relegated to the transmission and supervision of the labor enacted by the machinery. The virtuous worker, who gives soul to a tool, is substituted by the virtuous machinery with its own soul and its mechanical laws, always consuming to maintain a constant movement. The labor of the worker becomes an abstraction regulated by the workflow of the machinery (and not vice-versa). The science, moving the machinery, is not anymore in the consciousness of the worker, but it is assimilated into the machinery and imposed to the worker from it. The character of the production process based on machinery consist of the expropriation of the 'living labor' by the 'objectified labor', labor endowed with a life of their own. | The direct means of labor becomes posited and correspondent to capital itself, and the worker is relegated to the transmission and supervision of the labor enacted by the machinery. The virtuous worker, who gives soul to a tool, is substituted by the virtuous machinery with its own soul and its mechanical laws, always consuming to maintain a constant movement. The labor of the worker becomes an abstraction regulated by the workflow of the machinery (and not vice-versa). The science, moving the machinery, is not anymore in the consciousness of the worker, but it is assimilated into the machinery and imposed to the worker from it. The character of the production process based on machinery consist of the expropriation of the 'living labor' by the 'objectified labor', labor endowed with a life of their own. | ||
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The labor transcends and dominates the production process and it appears as a conscious organ in the singular worker, part of the system of machinery. The worker itself is subsumed by the machinery and becomes a part of it. His unity as a living worker is lost for the unity of the machinery, powerful organism against the insignificant activity of the singular worker. | The labor transcends and dominates the production process and it appears as a conscious organ in the singular worker, part of the system of machinery. The worker itself is subsumed by the machinery and becomes a part of it. His unity as a living worker is lost for the unity of the machinery, powerful organism against the insignificant activity of the singular worker. | ||
Increasing the productivity of labor, the extreme negation of labor itself, is a necessary tendency of the capital, realized in the transformation of the means of labor in machinery. This process comes from the accumulation of Science and the ability of the productive forces of the social brain, then absorbed into the capital resulting as a property of it. For the capital, the machinery is the most adequate form of 'fixed capital' because constricts it to the capital itself, which is not determined from the value of use but appears as 'circulating capital'. | Increasing the productivity of labor, the extreme negation of labor itself, is a necessary tendency of the capital, realized in the transformation of the means of labor in machinery. This process comes from the accumulation of Science and the ability of the productive forces of the social brain, then absorbed into the capital resulting as a property of it. For the capital, the machinery is the most adequate form of 'fixed capital' because constricts it to the capital itself, which is not determined from the value of use but appears as 'circulating capital'. | ||
== Summary (IT)== | == Summary (IT)== | ||
Finchè strumento di lavoro rimane strumento di lavoro, è accolto nel processo di valorizzazione del capitale.<br> | Finchè strumento di lavoro rimane strumento di lavoro, è accolto nel processo di valorizzazione del capitale.<br> |
Latest revision as of 13:04, 20 September 2019
Karl Marx - fragment on machines
Abstract
In this fragment, Marx writes for the first time in its production of the role of the machinery in the capital. Subsuming all the positive forces of the worker and the means of labor, the machinery confines workers to a mere subsidiary position. Abstracting their role into facilitators (not enacting direct labor) of the process of production and stealing their unity as singular workers to becomes parts of a system imposed by the machinery itself.
Synopsis
When the labor is transformed into an 'automatic system of machinery', moving power moving itself made of mechanical and intellectual organs, the workers become part of it as a conscious linkage.
The direct means of labor becomes posited and correspondent to capital itself, and the worker is relegated to the transmission and supervision of the labor enacted by the machinery. The virtuous worker, who gives soul to a tool, is substituted by the virtuous machinery with its own soul and its mechanical laws, always consuming to maintain a constant movement. The labor of the worker becomes an abstraction regulated by the workflow of the machinery (and not vice-versa). The science, moving the machinery, is not anymore in the consciousness of the worker, but it is assimilated into the machinery and imposed to the worker from it. The character of the production process based on machinery consist of the expropriation of the 'living labor' by the 'objectified labor', labor endowed with a life of their own.
The labor transcends and dominates the production process and it appears as a conscious organ in the singular worker, part of the system of machinery. The worker itself is subsumed by the machinery and becomes a part of it. His unity as a living worker is lost for the unity of the machinery, powerful organism against the insignificant activity of the singular worker.
Increasing the productivity of labor, the extreme negation of labor itself, is a necessary tendency of the capital, realized in the transformation of the means of labor in machinery. This process comes from the accumulation of Science and the ability of the productive forces of the social brain, then absorbed into the capital resulting as a property of it. For the capital, the machinery is the most adequate form of 'fixed capital' because constricts it to the capital itself, which is not determined from the value of use but appears as 'circulating capital'.
Summary (IT)
Finchè strumento di lavoro rimane strumento di lavoro, è accolto nel processo di valorizzazione del capitale.
Solo mutazione formale perchè non solo lato materiale ma anche modo particolare di esistenza del capitale determinato come 'capitale fisso'.
Ma nel processo produttivo si trasforma fino a diventare 'macchina' o 'sistema automatico di macchine'. Forza motrice autonoma, automa fatto di numerosi organi meccanici e intellettuali dove gli operai sono determinati come organi coscienti di esso. Nella macchina e soprattutto nel macchinario automatico il mezzo di lavoro muta, nel suo 'valore d'uso' cioè esistenza materiale, in una realtà adeguata al capitale, in mezzo di lavoro immediato. Il processo produttivo del capitale trasforma il mezzo di lavoro in una forma posta dal capitale stesso e ad esso corrispondente.
Non più mezzo di lavoro dell'operaio singolo, dove la differenza sta nel fatto di mediare l'attività dell'operaio nei confronti dell'oggetto, ma l'attività dell'operaio viene limitata al mediare (sorvegliare e proteggere da perturbazioni) il lavoro della macchina sulla materia prima. Non più operaio virtuoso che anima lo strumento ma macchina che possiede forza e abilità al posto dell'operaio. Macchina virtuosa con propria anima e leggi meccaniche in essa operanti + consumo per mantenersi in costante movimento. Attività dell'operaio ridotta ad astrazione di attività, è determinata e regolata dalle parti del moto macchinario e non viceversa. La scienza, che fa funzionare il macchinario come un automa, non è più nella coscienza dell'operaio ma attraverso la macchina esercita il suo potere su di lui come potere della macchina stessa. Appropriazione del 'lavoro vivo' ad opera del 'lavoro oggettivato', della forza o attività valorizzante ad opera del valore dotato di esistenza propria (nel concetto stesso di capitale), è posta, nella produzione basata sulle macchine, come carattere del processo produttivo stesso.
Processo produttivo ha smesso di essere processo di lavoro nel senso che il lavoro lo trascende ecomprende come unità che lo domina. Il lavoro appare come organo cosciente nei singoli operai parte del sistema meccanico. Disperso, sussunto dal macchinario, esso diventa solo un membro, la cui unità non esiste negli operai vivi, ma nel macchinario vivente (attivo), possente organismo VS attività insignificante del singolo operaio.
Accrescimento della produttività del lavoro, massima negazione del lavoro, come tendenza necessaria del capitale.
Realizzazione di questa tendenza nella trasformazione del mezzo di lavoro in macchinario. Processo derivato dall'accumulazione della scienza e dell'abilità delle forze produttive generali del cervello sociale, assorbito nel capitale e che ora risulta come proprietà di esso, più precisamente del capitale fisso, poichè entra nel processo produttivo come mezzo di produzione vero e proprio. Macchinario come forma più adeguata del capitale fisso (forma più adeguata del capitale in generale). Poiche capitale fisso inchiodato alla sua realtà di valore determinato, esso non corrisponde al concetto di capitale, che invece è indifferente ad ogni forma determinata di valore d'uso e che anzi può assumere o deporre come incarnazione indifferente. Per questo l'aspetto adeguato del capitale nel suo rapporto verso l'esterno è il 'capitale circolante' VS 'capitale fisso'.