User:Tancre/Prototyping/AI

AI - Artificial Intelligence

• automaton(animatronics/mechatronics/robotics/robot/android)
• computer science
• Logic (formal reasoning) + Philosophy of mathematic + Analytic Philosophy
• cryptography (secure communication)

Sections

Natural Language Processing (NLP)

ELIZA

Brief Historical Context

Ancient Greece

• Mythology Hephaestus /Pygmalion / Dedalus (Talos/Pandora/Galatea) // relation between Hephaestus and Dedalus + sphinx as a talking statue
• Aristotel - 'Organon' syllogistic logic, first attempt to rappresent logic operators in linguistic symbols + Antikythera mechanism, oldest analogue computer

13th century

• Talking heads
• Raimond Llull

15th century

• Gutenberg - Invention of printing (1456 Gutenberg Bible)
• Clocks

17th century

1666 Leibniz - 'Ars combinatoria', symbolic logic

19th century

1822 Babbage - 'Note on the application of machinery to the computation of very big mathematical tables', Difference Engine
1837 Babbage - 'On the Mathematical Power of the Calculating Engine', Analytical Engine
1843 Lovelace - first published algorithm
1847 Boole - 'Mathematical Analysis of Logic', Boolean logic (Boolean algebra, Binary logic)
1847 De Morgan - 'Formal Logic', De Morgan's law
Pierce
Peano
1884 Frege - 'Foundation of Arithmetic'

20th century

1913 Russell, Whitehead - 'Principia Mathematica'
1920 Hilbert - Hilbert's program
1921 Wittgenstein - 'Tractatus-logico philosophicus'
1928 Hilbert - Entscheidungsproblem
1931 Göedel - incompletness theorem, impossibility to prove the Hilbert's program and to clarify the foundation of mathematics
1936 Church, Turing - Church-Turing thesis, impossibility to solve the Entscheidungsproblem
1936 Turing - 'On computable numbers, with an application to the Entscheidungsproblem', Turing machine (TM) + Universal Turing Machine (UTM), first theorization of the stored-program computer
1937 Shannon - 'A Symbolic Analysis of Relay and Switching Circuits', complete electronic logic gate through the switching circuit theory
1940 COMPUTER SCIENCE >> first Turing-complete computers
1948 Shannon - 'A Mathematical Theory of Communication', Information theory
1948 CYBERNETICS >> Wiener - Cybernetics: Or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine
1950 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE >> Turing - 'Computing machinery and intelligence', Turing test
1959 Samuel - 'Some studies in machine learning using the game of checkers' - Machine Learning
1966 Weizenbaum - ELIZA, first chatbot in natural language processing (NLP) systems

Books & Articles

Turing - Computing machinery and intelligence (1950)
Dreyfus - Alchemy and AI (1965) Weizenbaum - ELIZA, a computer program for the study of natural language communication between man and machine (1966)

to read
Turing - The essential Turing
Dreyfus - What Computers Can't Do (1972; 1979; 1992) / Mind over Machine (1986)
Asimov - Robot series (three laws of robotics + zeroth law)
Wiener - Cybernetics: Or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine
Shannon - A Mathematical Theory of Communication