View source for Pushing the Score using Twitterdata

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<title>Sonification of the Dutch elections 2017</title>

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<h1>Sonification of the Dutch elections 2017</h1>

<p>In the run up to the 2017 general elections in the Netherlands last Wednesday, the 15 of March 2017, a lot of <ref>Twitter</ref>  traffic was generated. Literally millions of tweets were send that day over the Internet.</p>

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<h1>The online political battle</h1>

<blockquote>
"En meteen is daar de tweet: #waarwasBuma" <ref>En meteen is daar de tweet: #waarwasBuma, De politieke strijd online, door Andreas Kouwenhoven & Hugo Logtenberg, 27 februari 2017, 21:05 (https://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/2017/02/27/en-meteen-is-daar-de-tweet-waarwasbuma-7033073-a1547979).
</ref>    (And right after there was the tweet: #wherewasBuma)
</blockquote>

<p>This research is inspired on an article in the NRC (27 februari 2017) about the online political battle. Just like in the United States, parties attempt to reach voters through social media and to frame political opponents. The parties use social media more than ever this year’s elections. They try to convey their message to the unprecedented number of undecided voters and they try to frame opponents with catchy slogans or hashtags.</p>

<p>Seeing all these tweets passing so quickly it reminds me of a cascade of data, the starting point of a sonification<sup id="fnref:3"><a href="#fn:3" rel="footnote">3</a></sup> to perceptualize this huge amount of data in a <em>score</em>.</p>
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<h1>Pushing the score</h1>

<p>This sonifiction entails three kinds of scores; a) for the whole tweet, b) for the hashtag ikstem (#ikstem), and c) for the hashtag gestemd (#gestemd).</p>

<p>a) It captures tweets sed during the day of the elections, between 07.30 and 21.00, when the polling stations were open. In total there are 47613 tweets captured. Some examples of tweets send:</p>

<blockquote><p>Ik wist niet wat ik moest stemmen, dus heb ik uiteindelijk maar een bootje gevouwen van het stembiljet <strong>#ikstem</strong> #tk2017 <strong>#gestemd</strong> https://t.co/KBqLBkYrpV</p>

<p>Grappig! RT @Mvan_berkel: In Leiden is rekening gehouden met zwevende kiezers.  <strong>#ikstem</strong> #TweedeKamerverkiezingen https://t.co/Un8uJfNZ0v</p>

<p>Met volle trotst en vrolijkheid voor de eerste keer gaan stemmen vandaag <strong>#ikstem</strong></p></blockquote>

<p>b + c) A hash tag is used to streamline relevant topics by keyword or phrase by grouping them together to make it easier to find and follow tweets from people who are talking about the same thing. In this sonificatoin I used #ikstem and #gestemd. Both are given a different kind of sound.</p>
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<h1>Used hardware and software</h1>

<p><a href="https://www.python.org">Python</a> , specific libraries: <a href="https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0305/">csv</a>, <a href="https://docs.python.org/2/library/os.html">os</a> and <a href="https://pypi.python.org/pypi/python-osc">OSC</a></p>

<p><a href="https://puredata.info">Pure Data</p>

<p><a href="https://pzwiki.wdka.nl/mediadesign/The_Ultimate_RPi_Installation_Guide">RaspberryPi</a> and <a href="https://pzwiki.wdka.nl/mediadesign/Pi_skin_conductivity">Pi skin conductivity</a></p>

<p>Flyer: <a href="https://issue.xpub.nl/02/">https://issue.xpub.nl/02/</a></p>
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<h1>References</h1>
<div class="footnotes">
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<li id="fn:1">
<p>Twitter is an online news and social networking service where users post and interact with messages, &ldquo;tweets,&rdquo; restricted to 140 characters, (<a href="http://twitter.com">http://twitter.com</a>).<a href="#fnref:1" rev="footnote">&#8617;</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:2">
<p>En meteen is daar de tweet: #waarwasBuma, De politieke strijd online, door Andreas Kouwenhoven &amp; Hugo Logtenberg, 27 februari 2017, 21:05 (<a href="https://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/2017/02/27/en-meteen-is-daar-de-tweet-waarwasbuma-7033073-a1547979">https://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/2017/02/27/en-meteen-is-daar-de-tweet-waarwasbuma-7033073-a1547979</a>).<a href="#fnref:2" rev="footnote">&#8617;</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:3">
<p>Sonification is the use of non-speech audio to convey information or perceptualize data. Auditory perception (the sensory system for the sense of hearing) has advantages in temporal, spatial, amplitude, and frequency resolution that open possibilities as an alternative to visualization techniques.<a href="#fnref:3" rev="footnote">&#8617;</a></p></li>
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===The online political battle===
<blockquote>
"En meteen is daar de tweet: #waarwasBuma" <ref>En meteen is daar de tweet: #waarwasBuma, De politieke strijd online, door Andreas Kouwenhoven & Hugo Logtenberg, 27 februari 2017, 21:05 (https://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/2017/02/27/en-meteen-is-daar-de-tweet-waarwasbuma-7033073-a1547979).
</ref>    (And right after there was the tweet: #wherewasBuma)
</blockquote>

This Special Issue #2 is inspired on an article in the NRC about this online political battle. 
Just like in the United States, parties attempt to reach voters through social media and to frame political opponents. In television debates, such as RTL on Sunday evening, Twitter proves to be extremely popular. Especially with insiders.

The parties use social media more than ever this year’s elections. They try to convey their message to the unprecedented number of undecided voters and they try to frame opponents with catchy slogans or hashtags. During election debates, according to research in 2015 from the University of Amsterdam, the parties especially make use of Twitter - the medium is ideally suited to respond quickly.

Politicians use Twitter, in the Netherlands a daily log in around 900,000 people, primarily to attract attention, says Niels Spierings, political sociologist at the Radboud University.
<blockquote>
"What you want, is that around your party leader a positive buzz is begin created."
</blockquote>

If one party succeeds in that there is positive twittered about her party leader, or negative about the competitor, this could have great impact according to Spierings. 

<blockquote>
"Twitter will affect how the debate is interpreted afterwards, if only because the journalists who describe who is the winner and who is the loser, follow Twitter as one of their resources."
</blockquote>


===#ikstem or #gestemd===
One day prior to the elections Twitter comes with a special emoji which can be used between the 15th and 17th of March. The emoji, a with red pencil colored vote thick box, becomes visible when using the hashtags #ikstem and #gestemd. <!--insert emoij--> Twitter wants users thus making it easier to participate in talks on the platform prior to the elections.

===Collecting data===
====Twitter API====
Made a Python script to get Twitter data from 26 elected parties. 

3200 latest tweets of 2 candidates (highest nominated man and woman) of 14 elected parties. 
Elected parties: VVD, PvdA, PVV, SP, CDA, D66, ChristenUnie, GroenLinks, SGP, PvdD, 50Plus, DENK, Niet Stemmers, Piratenpartij based on their currents seats.
Looked at tweets with hashtag tk2017, tk17 and "verkiezingen". Furthermore I have collected all partijslogans of the above mentioned parties. 

Used hashtags: #KUZU,#PlanB,#partijkartel,#pgb,#basisbeurs,#zorgfonds,#MakeTheNetherlandsGreatAgain,#MHGA,#GeertTrain,#Geertw,#NederlandWeerVanOns,#15maart2017,#cordonsanitaire,#wordpiraat,#stemvoorverandering,#peilingwijzer,#Oekraïne,oekraine,#factcheck,#trapernietin,#Fritswester,#grenzendicht,#50PLUSdus,#samenstaanwesterker,#JesseMeetup,#iksteundethuiszorg,#nomoreislam,#pakdemacht,#PVVOP1,operatieinterview,stemvoorhetleven,#normaaldoen,#stem15maart,#samenvooruit,#StemBus,#ikstempvda,#babbeltruc,#stemvnl,#lijst13,#wordlid,#stemvoornederland,#nlzorgfonds,#roemer,#nlzorgdebat,#stempvv,#pvv2017,#ikstemcda,#cda,#dienstplicht,#geefnldoor,#d66bustour,#ikstemd66,#stemd66,#hetkanwel,#nietschreeuwenmaarpraten,#grassroots,#beweging,#groenlinksbeltaan,#klaver,#stempvdd,#erisgeenplanb,#mariannethieme,#stem50plus,#50plus,#ikstemdenk,#piratenpartij,#ppnl,#jouwkeuze,#privacy,#stempiraat,#Fvd,#lijst16,#voorhetleven,#eenverdiener,#somszoujemeersgpwillen,#voordeander,#voorhetgezin,#geendrempels

===Plan of Approach===
Need to look at endpoints for accounts and search terms. For accounts endpoint use: https://dev.twitter.com/rest/reference/get/statuses/user_timeline
For search terms use the following endpoint: https://dev.twitter.com/rest/reference/get/search/tweets

Think about what I want to tell - -> music/sound plan --> give meaning to the score --> soundtrack
Make connection with PD
Sound research

===References===